Meeting needs

Basic Needs

Policy Sciences - Justice

Social Policy - Moral & Ethical Aspects

CONTENTS ADVICE TO READERS xi ONE. THE CHARGES AGAINST THE CONCEPT OF NEEDS 5 1.1 Charges against theExplanatory Use of "Needs" 9 1.2 Charges against the Normative Use:Too Fluid 11 1.3 Charges against the Normative Use:Too Easily Satisfied 14 1.4 Charges against the Normative Use: Too Clumsy 16 1.5 FoundationsforChargesinRealAbuses 18 1.6 Mixed Prospects of Vindication 20 Two. THE CONCEPT OF NEEDS IN NORMATIVE USE APPLIED TO SOCIAL POLICY: BASIC ACCOUNT 29 2.1 The Relational Formula:Illuminating but Not the Last Word 29 2.2 At the Limits of the Relational Formula, a List of Course-of-Life Needs 32 2.3 Minimum Standardsof Provision 38 2.4 A Criterion for Inclusion in the List and for Height of Standards 47 2.5 Consistency of the List and Standards; Completeness of the List 59 2.6 Given List, Standards, and Criterion, a Principle of Precedence 60 THREE. COMPLICATIONS SURROUNDING THE BASIC ACCOUNT: DERIVATION, CONVENTIONALITY, NORMATIVITY 81 3.1 DerivedNeeds 82 3.2 ConventionalDeterminantsofNeeds 90 CONTENTS 3.3 The Surviving Normative Force of Needs Derived and Conventional 104 3.4 FurtherAspectsofNormativity 111 3.5 The Basic Accountas a Schema for Expanded or RetractedUse 117 3.6 Abuses of the Concept of Needs 121 FOUR. THE PLACE OF NEEDS IN REASONING ABOUT JUSTICE 131 4.1 The Opportunity for Mutual Support 131 4.2 Needs Contingently Connected with Justicevia Rights 133 4.3 Equality Unattractive When It LeavesNeeds Unmet 138 4.4 Variable Favor for Needs under Literal-Equalitywith -Exceptions 140 4.5 Needs Logically Front and Center with Equalityin -Meeting-Needs 143 4.6 Concern for NeedsImposed by Practical Necessity on Conceptions of Justice That Disregard Equality 150 4.7 Concern for Needs Imposed by Practical Necessity on AllConceptions of Justice 155 FIVE. UTILITARIANISM WITHOUT UTILITY 161 5.1 Censuses of Needs Replacing the Calculus of Utility 162 5.2 The Census Notionat Work with the Principle of Precedence in the Revisionary Process 166 5.3 Defects of the Concept of Utility as Compared with the Concept of Needs 171 5.4 Liberalism Led Astray from Needs bythe Pareto Welfare Criterion 175 5.5 Utilitarianism, without Utility, Reunited with Liberalism 177 5.6 Provision for Preferences underStrict Final Priority for Needs 179 CONTENTS Six. ATTENTION TO NEEDS WITH FURTHER ATTENTION TO PREFERENCES 189 6.1 TheDemandsofLiberty 190 6.2 A Dead-End Path: TheMisguided Attempt to Have "Preferences"Entirely Supplant"Needs" 198 6.3 Another Path: From Strict Final Priority for Needs to Precautionary Priority 204 6.4 From Precautionary Priority to Role-Relative Precautionary Priority 210 6.5 Planners Differing fromConsumers Both in Roles and in Persons: The Erosion of Priority 218 6.6 Attention to Preferencesat Odds with Justice 226 SEVEN. THE EXPANSION OF NEEDS 231 7.1 Is the Two-Part List Unduly Narrow? 232 7.2 The Advantages of Expansion 235 7.3 The CoursesExpansion May Take 238 7.4 The Risks of Expansion 254 EIGHT. THE CONCEPT OF NEEDS AT THREE POINTS OF BREAKDOWN 261 8.1 A Breakdown Merely Hypothetical? Needs That Are Embarrassments toMoral Dignity 264 8.2 A Breakdown Realand Imminent:The Claims of a Worldwide Reference Population 276 8.3 A Breakdown Realand Current:The Bottomless Pit of Medical Care 293 8.4 Yet Elsewhere, Lo! ContinuingWork for the ConceptofNeeds 301 NOTES 307 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 329 INDEX 335