Complementary protection in international refugee law / Jane McAdam.

Includes bibliographical references (p. [257]-274) and index.

Contents-Summary
Introduction 1
1.The Evolution of Complementary Protection 19
2.The European Union Qualification Directive: The Creation of a Subsidiary Protection Regime 53
3.An Alternative Asylum Mechanism: The Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 111
4.The Scope of Ill-Treatment Under the ECHR and ICCPR 136
5.Protection and 'The Best Interests of the Child'-The Convention on the Rights of the Child 173
6.The Legal Status of Persons to Whom the Refugee Convention Does Not Apply 197
Conclusion 252
Contents
Table of Abbreviations xv
Table of Cases xxi
Table of Treaties and other Instruments xxiii
Nonte on Previous Publication and Presentation xxv
Introduction 1
A International Protection 6
B Status 10
C The Structure of the Book 13
1. The Evolution of Complementary Protection 19
A Introduction 19
B Defining Complementary Protection 19
1 'Protection' 19
2 What is 'Complementary Protection'? 20
3 The 'Complementary' Aspect 23
4 Historical Origins (Pre-1951) 23
C The 1951 Refugee Convention 28
1 The Refugee Convention as a Human Rights Treaty 29
2 'Humanitarian Refugees': Article 1A(1) 33
3 Recommendation E of the Final Act 35
D Complementary Protection and International Law 40
1 Institutional vis-à-vis State Expansion: Temporary Refuge 41
(a) Developments at the European level 43
(b) International level 44
2 'Subsidiary' versus 'Complementary' Protection 49
E Conclusion 51
2. The European Union Qualification Directive: The Creation of a
Subsidiary Protection Regime 53
A Creation of the Qualification Directive 53
1 Background 53
2 Purpose of the Directive 57
B The Directive's Subsidiary Protection Regime 60
1 Definition 60
2 'Serious Harm' (Article 15) 64
3 Death Penalty or Execution 66
4 Torture or Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 68
5 Indiscriminate Violence 70
(a) Nature of the threat 71
(b) Focus of the threat 75
(c) Cause and circumstances of the threat 77
6 The Role of International Criminal Law 78
7 Broader Human Rights Application? 81
C Subsidiary Protection Exclusion Clauses 84
1 Absolute Protection? 85
2 Operation of the Exclusion Clauses 86
3 Wider Exclusion from Subsidiary Protection 88
D The Content of International Protection: Substantive Rights 90
1 Maintaining Family Unity (Article 23) 93
2 Residence Permits (Article 24) 96
3 Travel Document (Article 25) 99
4 Access to Employment (Article 26) 101
5 Social Welfare (Article 28) 103
6 Health Care (Article 29) 105
7 Access to Integration Facilities (Article 33) 106
E 'Minimum Standards'-A Harmonized Approach? 107
F Conclusion 110
3. AN Alternative Asylum Mechanism: The Convention against
Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment 111
A Introduction 111
B The Structure of the CAT 114
1 Definition of 'Torture' 114
(a) Public element 114
(b) Lawful sanctions 116
2 The Prohibition on Refoulement 118
(a) Absolute and non-derogable 118
(b) 'Another State' 121
(c) Evidentiary threshold 122
(d) Gross, flagrant, or mass violations of human rights 124
3 Article 22: Taking a Claim to the Torture Committee 124
C The Torture Prohibition in Domestic Complementary Protection Regimes 127
1 United States 127
2 Canada 129
3 Australia 131
D Conclusion 134
4. The Scope of Ill-Treatment under the ECHR and ICCPR 136
A Introduction 136
B The ECHR and Asylum 136
1 Procedural Issues 138
2 Article 3 140
3 The Scope of Other ECHR Rights 143
4 Rationale for Examining Other Rights 145
C Unqualified Rights 146
1 Article 2 147
2 Article 4 149
3 Articles 5 and 6 151
(a) Article 5 151
(b) Article 6 152
4 Article 7 153
5 Article 14 153
D Qualified Rights 153
1 Article 8 154
(a) Family life 154
(b) Private life 159
2 Article 9 162
E Protection for Socio-Economic Reasons 163
F The International Reach of the ECHR 169
G Conclusion 171
5. Protection and 'The Best Interests of The Child'-The Convention
on The Rights of The Child 173
A Introduction 173
B Special Protection of Children under International Law 174
C The Convention on the Rights of the Child 176
D 'The Best Interests of the Child'-Article 3 177
1 'In all actions concerning children' 178
2 The Indeterminacy of the Best Interests Principle 179
E The Weight to be Given to the Child's Best Interests 180
F Jurisprudence on 'the best interests of the child' 183
1 Children's Interests and Admission 183
(a) Sweden 184
(b) Denmark and Finland 186
(c) Canada 187
(d) International model 188
2 Children's Interests in Relation to a Parent's Deportation 189
(a) Australia 189
(b) Canada 191
(c) United States 193
G Other bases for CRC Protection 194
H Conclusion 195
6. The Legal Status of Persons to Whom the Refugee Convention
Does Not Apply 197
A Introduction 197
B The Importance of Status 198
1 Non-refoulement 199
2 Why Human Rights Alone Are Insufficient 202
3 Legal Limbo 204
C The Convention as a Form of Lex Specialis and its Significance for Status 209
1 The Status of Refugees vis-à-vis Stateless Persons 211
2 Regional Precedents 213
D The Architecture of the Refugee Convention 214
E Categories of Rights 218
1 Not a Convention Refugee (and Not Excluded) 219
(a) No protection claim 219
(b) Human rights protection claim 219
2 Excluded and Removable 223
3 Excluded and Non-Removable 228
4 Excluded but Non-Removable and Non-Prosecutable 234
(a) Suspected Terrorists 238
F Minimum Standards of Treatment for Non-Removable Persons 242
G Extra-Convention Rights Regimes 246
1 Executive Committee Conclusion 22: Mass Influx 246
2 EU Reception Conditions Directive: Protection for Asylum Seekers 248
H Conclusion 250
Conclusion 252
Index