World Development Indicators

TABLE OF CONTENTS:
Foreword v;
Acknowledgments vi;
Preface vii;
Partners xiii;
Users guide xxvi;
2004 World Development Indicators ix;
Introduction 35;
Tables:
Text and Figures;
Introduction 1;
Millennium Development Goals, targets, and indicators 12,
Tables:
1.1 Size of the economy 14;
1.2 Millennium Development Goals: eradicating poverty and improving lives 18;
1.3 Millennium Development Goals: protecting our common environment 22;
1.4 Millennium Development Goals: overcoming obstacles 26;
1.5 Women in development 28;
1.6 Key indicators for other economies 32;
Text figures and boxes:
1a Poverty rates have been falling in all regions except Sub-Saharan Africa 1;
1b But more than 1.1 billion people remain in extreme poverty 1;
1c Most regions are on a path to cut extreme poverty by half by 2015 2;
1d With continuing growth the number of people living in extreme poverty will fall 3;
1e And the proportion of people in extreme poverty will reach an all-time low 3;
1f But more than 2 billion people will live on less than $2 a day 3;
1g And more than half the population of South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa will be very poor 3;
1h The undernourished are everywhere 4;
1i Malnourished children are among the most vulnerable 4;
1l Many girls still do not have equal access to education 6;
1m Literacy rates have been rising as more children remain in school, but girls lag behind boys 6;
1n Few countries are on track to meet the child mortality target 7;
1o To reduce early childhood deaths, immunization programs must be extended and sustained 7;
1p Extreme risks of dying from pregnancy or childbirth in some regions 8;
1q The presence of skilled health staff lowers the risk of maternal death 8;
1r HIV strikes at youth—and women are particularly vulnerable 9;
1s Treated bednets are a proven way to combat malaria, but they are still not widely used 9;
1t Greenhouse gas emissions rise with income 10;
1u Access to water and sanitation services will require large investments 10;
1v Slums are growing in newly urbanized areas 10;
1w Aid has increased, but not by as much as domestic subsidies to agriculture 11;
1x New commitments by donors, the first major increase in more than a decade, will still meet only a fraction of the need 11;
1.2a Location of indicators for Millennium Development Goals 1–5 21;
1.3a Location of indicators for Millennium Development Goals 6–7 25;
1.4a Location of indicators for Millennium Development Goal 8 27;
1.5a Income and gender affect children’s access to basic health care 31;
FRONT:
2.1 Population dynamics 38;
2.2 Labor force structure 42;
2.3 Employment by economic activity 46;
2.4 Unemployment 50;
2.5 Poverty 54;
2.6 Social indicators of poverty 58;
2.7 Distribution of income or consumption 60;
2.8 Assessing vulnerability 64;
2.9 Enhancing security 68;
2.10 Education inputs 72;
2.11 Participation in education 76;
2.12 Education efficiency 80;
2.13 Education outcomes 84;
2.14 Health expenditure, services, and use 88;
2.15 Disease prevention: coverage and quality 92;
2.16 Reproductive health 96;
2.17 Nutrition 100;
2.18 Health risk factors and future challenges 104
2.19 Mortality 108
Text figures and boxes
2a Poverty and illiteracy are related 35
2b Defining income poverty 36
2c Why public services fail poor people 37
2d Poor women are much less likely to receive expert care in childbirth 37
2.3a Women tend to suffer disproportionately from underemployment 49
2.6a Education lowers birth rates dramatically for rich women, but not for poor ones 59
2.10a Education suffers in primary schools with high teacher absence rates 75
2.11a Girls from rural areas and poor households have the lowest attendance rates in Guinea 79
2.13a There is a strong positive relationship between primary school enrollment ratios and literacy among youth 87
2.14a High health personnel absence rates lower the quality of health care 91
2.15a Children in rural households are less likely to use bednets 95
2.16a Does household wealth affect antenatal care? 99
2.18a HIV prevalence rates vary by method of data collection 107
2.18b In some countries men know more about preventing HIV than women do 107
2.19a Under-five mortality rates are higher in poor households than in rich ones 111
2. PEOPLE
Introduction 113
Tables
3.1 Rural environment and land use 116
3.2 Agricultural inputs 120
3.3 Agricultural output and productivity 124
3.4 Deforestation and biodiversity 128
3.5 Freshwater 132
3.6 Water pollution 136
3.7 Energy production and use 140
3.8 Energy efficiency, dependency, and emissions 144
3.9 Sources of electricity 148
3.10 Urbanization 152
3.11 Urban environment 156
3.12 Traffic and congestion 160
3.13 Air pollution 164
3.14 Government commitment 166
3.15 Toward a broader measure of savings 170
Text figures and boxes
3a High-income countries use more than half the world’s energy 114
3b Emissions of carbon dioxide vary widely, even among the five largest producers of emissions 115
3c Emissions of some greenhouse and ozone-depleting gases have begun to fall or slow since Rio 115
3.1a All regions are becoming less rural 119
3.2a The 10 countries with the most arable land per person in 1999–2001—and the 10 with the least 123
3.3a The 15 countries with the highest cereal yield in 2001–03—and the 15 with the lowest 127
3.5a The distribution of freshwater resources is uneven 135
3.5b Latin America and the Caribbean has more than 20 times the freshwater resources per capita as the Middle East
and North Africa 135
3.6a High- and middle-income countries account for most water pollution from organic waste 139
3.7a Energy use varies by country, even among the five largest energy users 143
3.7b People in high-income countries use more than five times as much energy as do people in low-income countries 143
3.8a Per capita emissions of carbon dioxide vary, even among the five largest producers of emissions 147
3.9a Sources of electricity generation have shifted differently in different income groups 151
3.10a More people now live in urban areas in low-income countries than in high-income countries . . . 155
3.10b Latin America was as urban as the average high-income country in 2002 155
3.11a The use of public transportation for work trips varied widely across cities in 1998 159
3.12a The 10 countries with the most vehicles per 1,000 people in 2001—and the 10 with the fewest 163
3.14a The Kyoto Protocol on climate change 166
3.14b Global atmospheric concentrations of chlorofluorocarbons have leveled off 167
3.14c Global focus on biodiversity and climate change 168
3. ENVIRONMENT
Introduction 251
Tables
5.1 Private sector investment 254
5.2 Investment climate 258
5.3 Business environment 262
5.4 Stock markets 266
5.5 Financial depth and efficiency 270
5.6 Tax policies 274
5.7 Relative prices and exchange rates 278
5.8 Defense expenditures and arms transfers 282
5.9 Transport infrastructure 286
5.10 Power and communications 290
5.11 The information age 294
5.12 Science and technology 298
Text figures and boxes
5a Higher income economies often have less regulated labor markets than lower income economies 253
5.1a Foreign direct investment has expanded rapidly in many developing countries, contributing to increased productivity 257
5.10a Mobile phone subscribers are approaching (or surpassing) 500 per 1,000 people in some developing and transition economies 293
Introduction 175
Tables
4.1 Growth of output 182
4.2 Structure of output 186
4.3 Structure of manufacturing 190
4.4 Growth of merchandise trade 194
4.5 Structure of merchandise exports 198
4.6 Structure of merchandise imports 202
4.7 Structure of service exports 206
4.8 Structure of service imports 210
4.9 Structure of demand 214
4.10 Growth of consumption and investment 218
4.11 Central government finances 222
4.12 Central government expenditures 226
4.13 Central government revenues 230
4.14 Monetary indicators and prices 234
4.15 Balance of payments current account 238
4.16 External debt 242
4.17 External debt management 246
Text figures and boxes
4a Economic growth varies by region 175
4b With two decades of rapid growth, East Asia and Pacific has
caught up with Latin America and the Caribbean 176
4.a Recent economic performance 178
4.b Key macroeconomic indicators 179
4.3a Manufacturing continues to show strong growth in East Asia 193
4.5a Some developing country regions are increasing their share of merchandise exports 201
4.6a Top 10 developing country exporters in 2002 205
4.7a Top 10 developing country exporters of commercial services in 2002 209
4.8a Developing economies are consuming less transport services 213
4.10a Per capita consumption has risen in Asia, fallen in Africa 221
4.11a Some developing economies spend a large part of their current revenue on interest payments 225
4.12a Interest payments are a large part of government expenditure for some developing economies 229
4.13a Poor countries rely more on indirect taxes 233
4.15a Worker remittances are an important source of income for many developing economies 241
4.16a Since 2000, GDP has been larger than external debt for the heavily indebted poor countries 245
4.17a When the present value of a country’s external debt exceeds 220 percent of exports or 80 percent of GNI the World Bank classifies it as severely indebted 249
TABLE OF CONTENTS
x 2004 World Development Indicators
4. ECONOMY 5. STATES AND MARKETS
Primary data documentation 353
Acronyms and abbreviations 361
Statistical methods 362
Credits 364
Bibliography 366
Index of indicators 374
Introduction 303
Tables
6.1 Integration with the global economy 306
6.2 Direction and growth of merchandise trade 310
6.3 OECD trade with low- and middle-income economies 313
6.4 Primary commodity prices 316
6.5 Regional trade blocs 318
6.6 Tariff barriers 322
6.7 Global private financial flows 326
6.8 Net financial flows from Development Assistance Committee members 330
6.9 Aid flows from Development Assistance Committee members 332
6.10 Aid dependency 334
6.11 Distribution of net aid by Development Assistance Committee members 338
6.12 Net financial flows from multilateral institutions 342
6.13 Foreign labor and population in selected OECD countries 346
6.14 Travel and tourism 348
Text figures and boxes
6a More than half of world output is globally traded 303
6b Aid after Monterrey 304
6c Immigrant labor plays an important role in some high-income economies 305
6.2a Rich markets for developing country exports 312
6.3a Manufactured goods from developing countries dominated imports by OECD countries in 2002 315
6.8a Who were the largest donors in 2002? 331
6.9a Official development assistance from selected non-DAC donors, 1998–2002 333
6.10a Where did aid go in 2002? 337
6.11a Top aid recipients from top DAC donors reflect historical alliances and geopolitical events 341
6.13a Migration to OECD countries is growing 347
6.14a Tourism is highest in high-income countries 351