World economic and social survey 2004 : International migration

Contents:
Preface iii;
Overview v;
Contents xxv;
Explanatory Notes xxx;
International Migration
I. Migration during 1820-1920, the First Global Century 3;
Introduction 3;
The economic context of mass migration in the nineteenth century 4;
Industrialization and the demand for raw materials . 4;
The transport revolution and the convergence of prices 6;
Greater Atlantic migration during the first global century 7;
The migration boom 7;
Economic aspects of transatlantic migration 10;
Policy and the demise of the North-North mass migration . 13;
South-South migration in the periphery . 16;
Government and private assisted migration in the periphery 16;
Wage gaps and costs of moving in the nineteenth century periphery 17;
The end of assisted migration in the periphery . 20;
Conclusions . 21;
II. International migration trends 23;
Global trends since 1960 24;
Distribution of international migrants at the country level 28;
An analysis of net migration . 32;
The traditional countries of immigration 38;
International migration in Europe 41;
Bases for admission and characteristics of migrants in developed countries 47;
Labour migration in Asia 52;
International migration in Africa . 55;
International migration in Latin America and the Caribbean . 57;
International migration in the future . 60;
Conclusions . 66;
III. International migration policies 69;
Historical trends in immigration policies 71;
Countries of permanent migration 71;
Labour recruitment states 72;
Current trends in immigration policies 75;
Overall immigration levels . 75;
Skilled worker migration 75;
Low-skilled migration 79;
Family reunification 79;
Integration of non-nationals 81;
Undocumented migration 82;
Regional and subregional harmonization 84;
Migration and trade 85;
Changing approaches to migration since September 2001 86 ;
Emigration Policies . 87;
Conclusions . 93;
IV. Economic impacts of international migration 95;
Impacts on home countries 97;
Emigration 97;
Remittances 102;
Impacts on host countries 111;
Impact on the labour market 111;
Fiscal effects of immigration 120;
Conclusions . 122;
V. Temporary migration and its relation to trade in services 127;
Trends in temporary migration 128;
International regime for the temporary movement of natural persons in the services sector or the temporary movement of service suppliers . 131;
Mode 4 under the General Agreement on Trade in Services 131;
Current utilization of the channel provided by Mode 4 . 133;
Enhancing temporary movement under Mode 4 . 136;
Outsourcing: an alternative way of taking advantage of wage differentials 138;
Conclusions . 139;
Annex: Status of negotiations in the World Trade Organization on Mode 4 of the General Agreement on Trade in Services . 143;
VI. Social dimensions of international mobility . 151;
Social networks of migration 151
Kin and kith networks 151
Hometown associations 152
Integration of migrants in host societies 153
Education and language skills . 153
Jobs and sufficient income 154
Legal status and participation in civil and political life . 157
Access to social protection and health care 159
Family reunification 160
Effects on the social fabric of societies and public perceptions . 160
Effects on home countries . 160
Effects on host countries 161
Public perceptions . 162
Conclusions . 164
VII. Levels and trends in international displacement . 167
Historical background 167
Trends in refugee flows over the past decade 171
Refugee population 171
Durable solutions 175
Refugee outflows 178
Conclusions . 179
Asylum trends in industrialized countries 180
Asylum flows by country of asylum . 181
Origin of asylum-seekers 183
Admission of refugees . 184
International cooperation 185
Recent developments 185;
Improving data collection 186;
VIII. International cooperation for migration management 189;
Bilateral approach 190;
Regional approach 192;
European Union 192;
Regional initiatives in the context of economic integration 193;
Regional intergovernmental organizations 194;
Regional consultative processes 196;
International approach 199;
Role of the United Nations system 199;
Role of intergovernmental organizations outside the United Nations system 207;
Conclusions 208;
Annex: Current status of the collection of international migration statistics 211;
Bibliography 219.