Fostering Duty Consciousness in Protecting the Environment: Towards Developing A New Jurisprudence

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART I;
PRELIMINARIES;
1.1 The Context;
1.2 Why do Environmental Laws Fail/;
1.2.1 Natural Resource Management Law through the Ages;
1.3 Review of Literature;
1.4 Research Problem;
1.5 Scope and Objectives;
1.6 Hypotheses;
1.7 Research Questions;
1.8 Chapterization;
1.9 Research Methods;
1.10 Limitations of the Study;
1.11 Mode of Citation;
PART II;
CONCEPTUALIZATION & GROWTH OF ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION;
CHAPTER 1: INTERNATIONAL LEGAL REGIME;
2.1 Preface;
2.2 Rights and Duties;
2.3 ‘Environment’- Definition;
2.3.1 Is there a Need to Protect the Environment?;
2.3.2 Is there a Duty to Protect the Environment?;
2.4 Historical Roots of Environmental Law;
2.4.1 Early Beginnings;
2.4.1.1 The Traditional Era;
2.4.1.2 The Modern Era;
2.4.1.3 Post Modern Era;
2.5 An Appraisal;
CHAPTER 2: NATIONAL LEGAL REGIME;
2.6 Preface;
2.7 Early Beginnings;
2.8 Independence till the Stockholm Declaration;
2.9 Post Stockholm and the 42nd Constitutional Amendment;
2.10 An Appraisal;
PART III;
DOES NATURE HAVE RIGHTS? A STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS;
CHAPTER 1: THE LEGAL BASIS OF THE CONCEPT OF STANDING;
3.1 Introduction;
3.2 The Birth of an Idea;
3.2.1 Instrumental Value and Intrinsic Value;
3.2.2 The Historical Roots of Environmental Ethics – till 1972;
3.3 The Basis of Standing;
3.3.1 Humans;
3.3.2 Animals;
3.3.3 Individual Living Organisms;
3.3.4 Holistic Entities;
3.4 Judicial Intervention on ‘Standing’ in the United States of America;
3.4.1 Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission;
3.4.2 Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe;
3.4.3 The Sierra Club Case;
3.4.3.1 Christopher Stone’s Intervention;
3.4.3.2 The decision in Sierra Club Case and Justice Douglas’ Dissent;
3.4.3.3. Subsequent Developments;
3.4.3.4 Current Scenario;
3.4.3.5 After “Trees”;
3.5 Judicial Intervention on ‘Standing’ in Canada;
3.6 Judicial Intervention on ‘Standing’ in India;
3.6.1 Public Interest Litigation;
3.6.2 Extension of Art. 21 to include ‘Environment’;
CHAPTER 2: CONVERGENCE OF ETHICS AND OTHER REALMS;
3.7 Anthropocentrism and Eco-centrism;
3.8 Disenchantment and New Animism;
3.9 Social Ecology;
3.10 Eco-Feminism;
3.11 Theories Concerning Ethics;
3.11.1 Consequentialism;
3.11.2 Deontology;
3.11.2.1 Hierarchical View;
3.11.2.2 Holism;
3.11.3 Virtue Ethics;
3.12 Deep Ecology;
3.13 Future of Environmental Ethics;
PART IV;
THE INTRICACIES OF VALUES AND MORES ATTACHED TO RELIGION WHICH FOSTER ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION;
4.1 Preface;
CHAPTER 1: BUDDHISM AND ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION;
4.2 Buddhism- Its Origin;
4.3 Buddhism and Environment Protection;
CHAPTER 2: JAINISM AND ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION;
4.4 Jainism – Its Origin;
4.5 Jainism and Environment Protection;
CHAPTER 3: HINDUISM AND ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION;
4.6 Prologue;
4.7 Conceptualizing the Environment;
4.8 ‘Prakriti’ and the ‘Pancha Mahabhuta’ Concept;
4.9 ‘Dharma’, ‘Karma’ and ‘Moksha’;
4.10 The Roots of the Concept of Sustainable Development;
4.11 Our Earth – Bhumi Devi;
4.12 Protection of Flora and Fauna;
4.12.1 The Importance of Flora in Rituals;
4.12.2 The Concept of Sacred Groves;
4.13 Protection of Water and Air;
4.14 Internalizing Religious Concepts into Law;
CHAPTER 4: CHRISTIANITY AND ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION;
4.15 Christianity- Its Origin;
4.16 Christianity and Environment Protection;
4.17 The Concept of ‘Stewardship’;
4.17.1 Protection of Land and Water;
4.17.2 Protection of Flora and Fauna;
4.18 Christian Leaders: Messages on Environment Protection;
4.19 Criticism against the Christian Belief of Earth and Responses Thereto;
CHAPTER 5: ISLAM AND ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION;
4.20 Islam- Its Origin;
4.21 Islam and Environment Protection;
4.22 Islamic Concepts Relating to Environment;
4.22.1 Khalifa;
4.22.2 Tahweed;
4.22.3 Akrah;
4.22.4 Ubudiyya;
4.22.5 Fitra;
4.23 Shari’a and Environment Protection;
4.23.1 Protection of Water;
4.23.2 Protection of Air;
4.23.3 Protection of Land;
4.23.4 Protection of Flora and Fauna;
4.23.5 Disposal of Waste Materials;
4.23.6 Regulation of Use of Substances that are Harmful to Nature;
4.24 Islam’s Take on the After-effects of Man’s Actions;
4.25 Islam- An Overview;
PART V;
ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION – INTERNALISING CULTURAL AND TRADITIONAL TENETS INTO LAW;
CHAPTER 1: EMERGENCE OF A NEW LEGAL ORDER – EMBODYING INDIAN ETHOS, CULTURE & TRADITION FOSTERING ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION;
5.1 Preface;
5.2 Earth Jurisprudence- A New Legal Order;
5.2.1 African Charter for Human and Peoples Rights;
5.2.2 World Charter for Nature;
5.2.3 ILO Convention;
5.2.4 Earth Jurisprudence – The Teachings of Thomas Berry;
5.2.5 Gaia Foundation and Subsequent Developments
5.2.6 Principles of Environmental Justice – First National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit;
5.2.7 Environmental Justice Policy- Sierra Club;
5.2.8 The Community Environmental Legal Defense Fund;
5.2.9 Earth Charter, 2000;
5.3 Concretization of an Idea – Attaining Earth Jurisprudence Objectives;
5.4 Embodying Ethics, Customs and Traditions Fostering Environmental Protection into the Indian Legal Framework;
5.4.1 Sacred Groves;
5.4.2 Extension of Sacredness;
5.4.3 Indian Himalayan Region;
5.4.4 Water Resource Management;
5.4.5 Steps and Initiatives by the Indian Judiciary;
5.4.6 Natural Resources Management: The Socio-Cultural Angle;
5.4.7 Participatory Environmental Governance – Changes brought about in Law to that Effect;
CHAPTER 2: IMPLEMENTING RIGHTS OF NATURE – INTERNALIZING PRINCIPLES OF NATURE JURISPRUDENCE INTO MAINSTREAM LAW - MODELS FROM ACROSS THE WORLD;
5.5.1 Practical Issues Hampering Implementation;
5.5.2 The United States of America;
5.5.3 Notable Developments in the Environmental Law Legal Regime;
5.5.4 Belize;
5.5.5 Ecuador;
5.5.6 Bolivia;
5.5.7 Colombia;
5.5.8 New Zealand;
5.5.9 Benin;
5.5.10 Mexico;
5.5.11 European Union;
5.5.12 The United Kingdom;
5.5.13 Ethiopia;
5.5.14 Russia;
5.5.15 Australia;
5.5.16 Argentina;
5.5.17 Peru;
5.6 Developments in Law & Policy, of the ‘Rights of Nature’, around the World;
5.6.1 Ecocide as a Crime;
5.6.2 Other Developments;
5.6.3 Harmony with Nature Initiative ;
5.6.4 The RoN Tribunals;
5.7 Cataloguing the Rights of Nature;
PART VI;
TOWARDS AN ENVIRONMENTALLY BRIGHT FUTURE: SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS;
6.1 Summary of Conclusions;
6.2 Suggestions;
BIBLIOGRAPHY.