The future of ocean regime-building : essays in tribute to Douglas M. Johnston / edited by Aldo Chircop, Ted L. McDorman, Susan J. Rolston.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

"Publications of Douglas M. Johnston": p. [739]-765.

Table of Contents:
Acknowledgements xiii
Abbreviations xv
Table of Cases xix
Table of Treaties and Other Documents xxv
International Treaties xxv
Other International Documents xxx
List of UN Resolutions xli
Security Council Resolutions xli
General Assembly Resolutions xlvi
Introduction 1
Chapter 1 Peacekeeping in Perspective 5
1 Conflict Prevention
and Peacekeeping 5
2 Concept of Conflict Prevention 6
A The Development of UN Policies on Conflict Prevention 6
B Obstacles to Conflict Prevention 12
3 Doctrinal Paradigm of Peacekeeping 17
A Consent 17
B Neutrality 23
C Restrictions on the Use of Force 25
4 Legal Basis of Peacekeeping within the UN Charter 27
Chapter 2 Origins of Peacekeeping 37
1 Embryonic Rise of Peacekeeping 37
2 Emergence of Peacekeeping under Article 11 of the Covenant of the League of Nations 42
A Concept and Reality of Collective Security under the Covenant 42
B Peacekeeping in Practice under Article 11 44
i Aaland Islands Question (1920) 44
ii Vilna Question (1920) 46
iii Boundary Disputes between Albania and Yugoslavia (1921) 48
iv Demir-Kapu Incident (1925) 50
C Conceptual Development under Article 11 53
i Brouckère Report 53
ii Rutgers Memorandum 55
iii General Convention to Improve the Means of Preventing War 57
3 Emergence of Forceful Peacekeeping Measures 60
A Background 60
B Dispute between Colombia and Peru over Leticia (1932) 61
C Dispute between Bolivia and Paraguay over El Gran Chaco (1932–34) 63
D Saar Plebiscite (1935) 64
4 Transformation from Article 11 of the Covenant into Article 40 of the Charter 67
Chapter 3 Peacekeeping as Provisional Measure 71
1 Types of Provisional Measures 71
2 Call for Cease-fire 72
3 Peace Observation 76
A Concept and Legal Basis 76
B Early Deployment of Peace Observation Mission in Practice 78
C Post-Conflict Deployment of Peace Observation Mission 83
4 Peacekeeping Forces 85
A Concept and Legal Basis 85
B Early Deployment of Peacekeeping Forces in Practice 86
i UN Operations in the Congo (ONUC: 1960–64) 86
ii UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP: 1964–) 89
iii UN Emergency Force (UNEF II: 1973–79) 91
iv UN Preventive Deployment in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (UNPREDEP: 1992–99) 92
C Post-Conflict Deployment of Peacekeeping Forces 95
5 Provisional Territorial Administration 97
6 Preventive Arms Embargo 102
7 Peacekeeping and Article 39 of the UN Charter 105
Chapter 4 Legal Force and Effects of Peacekeeping Measures 107
1 Ambiguity of 'Calls' for Provisional Measures 107
2 The Determination of Legal Force 109
A Interpretation of UN Charter Provisions 109
B Interpretation of UN Security Council Resolutions 111
C Three Approaches to the Interpretation of Resolutions 113
i Textual Approach 113
ii Intentions Approach 115
iii Teleological Approach 118
D Mandatory Decisions and Chapter VII Powers 120
3 Giving Effects to the Legal Force 126
A Validity 126
B The Scope of Application 127
i UN Member States 127
ii Non-UN Member States 128
iii Non-State Entities 129
4 Legal Effects 132
5 Peacekeeping and Article 25 of the UN Charter 133
Chapter 5 Impartiality of Peacekeeping Measures 135
1 The Principle of Non-intervention 135
2 Internal Armed Conflicts and the Scope of Domestic Jurisdiction of States 138
A Internal Armed Conflicts in Traditional International Law 138
B Legal Status of Non-State Entities Engaged in Internal Armed Conflicts 141
3 Definition of Intervention and Neutrality/Impartiality 150
A Definition of Intervention 150
B Neutrality as a Form of Intervention 151
C Impartiality 154
D Implementation of Impartial Peacekeeping Measures 158
i Collective Recognition 158
ii Humanitarian Assistance 162
iii Election Monitoring 164
4 Peacekeeping and Article 2(7) of the UN Charter 168
Chapter 6 Enforcement of Peacekeeping Measures 171
1 Enforceability of Peacekeeping Measures 171
2 Conceptual Level Analysis: Peace Enforcement 173
A Doctrinal Basis of Peace Enforcement 173
B Theoretical Basis for Peace Enforcement 175
3 Strategic Level Analysis: The Right of Self-Defence 176
A Scope of Self-Defence 176
B Rationale behind the Right of Self-Defence of UN Personnel 180
i National Self-Defence and Unit Self-Defence 180
ii Safety of UN Personnel 182
iii Mandate Defence 184
4 Tactical Level Analysis: Rules of Engagement 188
5 Legal Constraints on the Use of Force in Peacekeeping 195
A Legal Constraints for Peacekeeping Forces 195
B Legal Constraints on Intervention by Peacekeeping Forces 201
6 Peacekeeping and Article 42 of the UN Charter 205
Chapter 7 Regulatory Framework for Peacekeeping 207
1 Regulation of the Peacekeeping Power 207
2 Jurisdictional Bases of Peacekeeping 208
A Primary Competence of the Security Council 208
B General Competence of the General Assembly 210
3 Legality of Peacekeeping 215
A General Legal Framework 215
B Justice and International Law 216
C Impartiality 218
D Proportionality and Operational Necessity 219
4 Legitimacy of Peacekeeping 221
5 Peacekeeping towards the Responsibility to React and to Prevent 225
A The Notion of Responsibility 225
B Legal Consequences of Failure to Adopt Peacekeeping Measures 229
C Regulatory Roles of Peacekeeping 233
D Applicability of Legal Defence against Peacekeeping Measures 234
i Self-Defence 234
ii State of Necessity 237
6 Regulatory Criteria for Peacekeeping 242
Chapter 8 Regulatory Control of Peacekeeping 245
1 Political Control 245
2 Judicial Control 251
A Jurisdiction 251
B Admissibility 255
3 Self-Regulation 262
A Enhancing Legal Accountability 262
B Investigation as the Basis for Peacekeeping Measures 263
C Continuing Assessment of Peacekeeping Measures 269
4 Towards Better Control of Peacekeeping 275
Conclusion 277
Bibliography 281
Index 317.