Preface xi Abbreviations xv Introduction 1 Chapter 1. Laws of Motion in the Center-Periphery Structure: The Underlying Forces 7 Evolution of Thought on Unequal Development 9 The Dialectic Between Production and Circulation 23 Contradictions of Accumulation in Articulated Economies 26 Contradictions of Accumulation in Disarticulated Economies 32 Dependency, Class Structure, and Social Disarticulation 40 Market-Widening and Market-Deepening 45 Mechanisms of Surplus Transfer Between Center and Periphery 50 Industrial and Financial Imperialism 50 Surplus Transfer Through Trade 52 Unequal Exchange 53 Unequal Trade 54 Unequal Rewards in the Formation of International Prices 54 Accumulation in the Center-Periphery Structure and the Current Crisis 55 Chapter 2. Agrarian Crisis in Latin America: The Facts 61 Integration of Latin American Agriculture into the National and World Economies 61 Patterns of Growth and Stagnation 68 The Rise and Logic of Functional Dualism 81 The Contradictions of Functional Dualism 85 Chapter 3. Transformation of the Agrarian Structure and the Peasantry 94 The Nature and Future of the Peasantry 95 The Marxist Classics 96 Peasantry as a Specific Type of Economy 100 An Alternative Conceptualization of Peasants 102 Roads to the Development of Capitalism in Agriculture 106 Modes of Production, Social Classes, and Types of Farm Enterprises 109 A Typology of Farm Enterprises 109 Empirical Characterization of the Rural Class Structure 114 Dynamics of Class Differentiation 117 Empirical Characterization of Class Differentiation: Global Data 118 Empirical Characterization of Class Differentiation: Country Studies 123 Mexico 123 Colombia 131 Peru 136 Chapter 4. Disarticulated Accumulation and Agrarian Crisis 141 Prevalent Theses on the Food and Hunger Crisis 141 Neo-Malthusianism 142 Technological Determinism 143 Monetarist Thesis of Stagnation 144 Structuralist Thesis of Stagnation 146 Overconsumption: Austerity and Aid 148 Poverty: Employment and Nutrition Programs 149 Material Determinants of the Agrarian Crisis 151 The Contradiction Between Rent and Profit in the Transition to Capitalism 152 Cheap Food and Foreign Exchange: The Contradictions 157 Food Self-Sufficiency Versus Comparative Advantages 158 Cheap-Food Policies Versus Development of Capitalism in Agriculture 162 Technological Bias Toward Laborsaving 169 Use Versus Reproduction of the Peasantry as a Source of Cheap Food 172 The Global Crisis 174 The New World Order: A New International Division of Labor for Agriculture? 175 Chapter 5. The Political Economy of Reformism 182 The Capitalist State 183 The Petty Bourgeoisie and Legitimation 187 The Peripheral State 191 Reforms and the Management of Crises 193 The Limits of Reformism 195 Legitimacy Crisis of the State 196 Fiscal Crisis of the State 196 Administrative Crisis of the State 197 Agrarian Reformism in Latin America 197 Chapter 6. Types and Consequences of Land Reform 202 A Typology of Land Reforms 203 Redistributive Reforms 207 Transition from Precapitalist Mode to Junker Road 208 Transition from Precapitalist Mode to Farmer Road 209 Shift from Junker Road to Farmer Road 209 Transition from Junker Road to Precapitalist Mode 210 Transition from Farmer Road to Precapitalist Mode 210 Shift from Farmer Road to Junker Road 210 Consequences of Land Reforms 211 Observation I: Market Expansion 211 Observation II: Development of Capitalism in the No reform Sector 214 Observation III: Political Stabilization Through the Reform Sector 218 Observation IV: Functional Dualism 220 The End of Land Reform 221 Chapter 7. The Strategy of Integrated Rural Development 224 A Typology of Rural-Development Projects 224 Criteria for the Evaluation of Rural-Development Projects 231 Puebla-Type Rural-Development Projects 234 The Puebla Project 234 The Garcia Rovira Project 235 The Cajamarca Project 237 Economic Achievements of Rural-Development Projects 238 Structural Characteristics of the Peasant Economy That Condition Technological Change 239 Functional Dualism 259 Semiproletarianization 242 Labor Scarcity 246 Profitability and Risk 247 New Technologies for Peasant Agriculture 248 Effective Demand 249 Risk 250 Diffusion Strategy 250 Extension Model 250 Institutional Linkages 251 The Political Economy of Integrated Rural Development 252 Chapter 8. The Agrarian Question and Change in Latin America: Conclusions 255 Policy Proposals for Growth with Equity 255 Employment Creation 256 Integrated Rural Development 256 Redistribution with Growth and Basic Needs 256 New International Economic Order 257 Redistribution Before Growth 257 The Limits of Reformism 259 The Political Economy of Equitable Growth 264 Notes 269 Selected Bibliography 303 Index 307