Library Catalogue
Right to sanitation and its realisation : an evaluatory study of law and governance in India
Abraham Joseph
Right to sanitation and its realisation : an evaluatory study of law and governance in India - BangaloreBangalore NLSIU 2012 - 204 p. ; 25 cm.
TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION: DEFINING THE PROBLEM; (A) CONCEPT OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND ITS RELEVANCE IN THE SANITATION DEBATE; (B) THE SANITATION CRISIS; (C) WHY THE HUMAN RIGHT TO SANITATION REMAINS UNFULFILLED; (D) THE NEED TO PROVIDE THE HUMAN RIGHT TO SANITATION TO ALL; (E) BENEFITS OF RECOGNISING THE RIGHT TO SANITATION; (F) HINDRANCES AND ROADBLOCKS IN THE RECOGNITION OF THE RIGHT TO SANITATION; (G) TOWARDS AN ACCEPTABLE DEFINITION OF SANITATION; (H) SANITATION IN INDIAN CULTURE: AN ANALYSIS; (I) THE RURAL-URBAN DIVIDE IN ACCESS TO SANITATION; (J) HUMAN RIGHTS APPROACH TOWARDS THE REALISATION OF THE RIGHT TO SANITATION; (K)REALISATION OF THE RIGHT TO SANITATION- WHO'S DUTY?; (L) OBLIGATIONS OF GOVERNMENTS TO REALISE THE RIGHT TO SANITATION; (M) SANITATION SCENARIO IN INDIA; CHAPTER 2: RIGHT TO SANITATION: EVOLUTIONARY GROWTH AND PROGRESS ; (A)INTERNATIONALISATION OF THE RIGHT TO SANITATION; (B) GENERAL COMMENT NO. 15 ON THE RIGHT TO WATER AND; SANITATION- DEFINING THE RIGHT TO WATER AND SANITATION; (C) MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND THE RIGHT TO SANITAION: AN ANALYSIS; (D)RIGHT TO SANITATION AT THE INTE~ATIONAL LEVEL; (E) UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION OF JULY 2010; (F) UN HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL RESOLUTION –A/HRC/ 15L. 14; (G) OPERATIVE PARAGRAPH 3; (H) OPERATIVE PARAGRAPH 6; (I) TRANSNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS RELATING TO THE RIGHT TO WATER AND SANITATION; (J) RIGHT TO SANITATION DURING ARMED CONFLICTS; (K)CULLING OUT A RIGHT TO SANITATION FROM INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS DOCUMENTS; (L) RIGHT TO SANITATION - AN INTEGRAL PART OF RIGHT TO HEALTH, RIGHT TO EDUCATION, RIGHT TO ADEQUATE HOUSING AND RIGHT TO LIFE; (M) RIGHT TO SANITATION: AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE RIGHT TO PARTICIPATE AND THE RIGHT TO INFORMATION; (N)DECLARATIONS AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL; (0) RIGHT TO SANITATION IN REGIONAL TREATIES; (P) RIGHT TO SANITATION IN DOMESTIC LAWS; (Q)IMPERATIVE TO TREAT WATER AND SANITATION AS A SINGLE COMMON RIGHT; (R)THE OTHER SIDE OF THE COIN: WHY THE RIGHT TO SANITATION SHOULD BE DIFFERENT FROM THE RIGHT TO WATER; (S) IS THE RIGHT TO SANITATION REALL Y ACHIEVABLE?; (T) LIMITATIONS OF THE RIGHT TO WATER AND SANITATION; CHAPTER 3: LEGAL REGIME GOVERNING SANITATION IN INDIA: AN ANALYSIS ; (A) ARTICLE 21 AND THE RIGHT TO SANITATION; (B) SANITATION AND DIGNITY-ARTICLE 21; (C) SANITATION AND THE RIGHT TO CLEAN ENVIRONMENT-ARTICLE; (D) SANITATION AND THE RIGHT TO HEALTH; (E) LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE IN INDIA FOR THE REALISATION OF THE RIGHT TO SANITATION; (F) JUDICIARY ON THE RIGHT TO SANITATION; (G) MUNCIP AL COUNCIL, RA TLAM v V ARDICHAND AND ORS -LANDMARK JUDGMENT ON SANITATION GOVERNANCE; (H) SANITATION IN JAIPUR CITY- L.K. KOOLWAL V. STATE OF RAJASTHAN (I) M.C .MEHTA V. UNION OF INDIA (GANGA POLLUTION CASE); (1) FUNDAMENTAL DUTY TO PROTECT ENVIRONMENT WOULD IMPLY THE RIGHT TO APPROACH COURT AGAINST; RECALCITRANT STATE AUTHORITIES TO ENFORCE SANITATION MEASURES; (K) SALUTORY STATE MEASURES TO PREVENT CHOKING OF DRAINS AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS; (L) THE HIMACHAL PRADESH NON-BIODEGRADABLE GARBAGE (CONTROL) ACT, 1995-AN ANALYSIS; (M) THE SIKKIM NON-BIODEGRADABLE GARBAGE (CONTROL) ACT, 1997- AN ANALYSIS; (N) THE HARY ANA NON-BIODEGRADABLE GARBAGE (CONTROL) ACT, 1998- AN ANALYSIS; (O) OTHER JUDICIAL OPIONS ON SANITATION; (P) JANKI NATHUBHAI CHARA v. SARDARNAGAR MUNICIPALITY - UNSANITARY CONDITIONS IN SARDARNAGAR MUNICIPALITY; (Q)Dr. K.C. ·MALHOTRA V. STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH -UNSANITARY CONDITIONS IN GWALIOR CITY; (R)M.C. MEHTA V. STATE OF ORISSA -UNSANITARY CONDITIONS IN CUTTACK; (S) AMBALA URBAN ESTATE WELFARE SOCIETY V. HARYANA URBAN DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY; (T) CITIZENS ACTION COMMITTEE v. CIVIL SURGEON, MAYO (GENERAL) HOSPITAL; (U)VINOD CHANDRA VERMA v. STATE OF U.P- UNSANITARY CONDITIONS IN ALLAHABAD; (V)SECTOR 14 RESIDENTS WELFARE ASSOCIATION V. STATE OF DELHI; (W) LOCAL SELF- GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES IN SANITATION; (X)KERALAPANCHAYAT ACT, 1994; (Y)CHAPTER VI OF THE RAJASTHAN MUNICIPALITIES ACT, 1959-SECTION 98- DUTY TO PROVIDE SANITATION SERVICES; (Z) STATUTORY RESPONSIBILITY OF MUNICIPAL AUTHORITIES IN HIMACHAL PRADESH TO PROVIDE SANITARY SERVICES; (AA) DELHI MUNICIPAL CORPORATION'S STATUTORY RESPONSIBILITY AS REGARDS PROVISION OF SANITARY PROVISIONS; (BB) TOWN PLANNING SCHEMES AND SANITATION- KARNATAKA; (CC) INDIAN LAWS DEALING WITH SANITATION; (DD) FACTORIES ACT, 1948 AND SANITATION; (EE) SECTION 18- FACTORIES ACT, 1948- DUTY TO PROVIDE DRINKING WATER; (FF) SECTION 19-FACTORIES ACT, 1948- DUTY TO PROVIDE LATRINES AND URINALS; (GG) SECTION 20- FACTORIES ACT, 1948- DUTY TO PROVIDE SPITTOONS; (HH) SECTION 42-FACTORIES ACT, 1948- DUTY TO PROVIDE WASHING FACILITIES; (II) CANTONMENT ACT, 1924 AND SANITATION; (JJ)THE BUILDING AND OTHER CONSTRUCTION WORKERS (REGULATION OF EMPLOYMENT AND CONDITIONS OF SERVICE), ACT, 1996 AND SANITATION MEASURES; CHAPTER 4: SOCIO-LEGAL DIMENSIONS OF SANITATION: AN ANALYSIS ; (A)INHUMAN SANITARY EMPLOYMENT AS VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 23 OF THE CONSTITUTION; (B) FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND SANITARY WORKERS; (C) MANUAL SCAVENGING AND THE LAW: AN ANALYSIS INTO THE SOCIO-LEGAL HUMAN RIGHTS DIMENSIONS OF SANITATION; (D)AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE EMPLOYMENT OF MANUAL SCAVENGERS AND CONSTRUCTION OF DRY LATRINES (PROHIBITION) ACT, 1993; (E) DEFINITION OF MANUAL SCAVENGER; (F) CONDITIONS FOR THE PROHIBITION OF MANUAL SCAVENGINGSECTION; (G) RESPONSIBILITY FOR IMPLEMENTATION; (H) SCHEMES FOR THE LIBERATION AND REHABILITATION OF MANUAL SCAVENGERS; (I) CONSTITUTION OF MONITORING COMMITTEES-SECTION 13; (J) NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR SAFAI KARAMCHARIS ACT, 1993; (K)MAINSTREAMING MANUAL SCAVENGERS; (L)THE NATIONAL SAFAI KARAMCHARI FINANCE AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION; (M) SELF-EMPLOYMENT SCHEME FOR THE REHABILITATION OF MANUAL SCAVENGERS; (N) INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION FOR MANUAL SCAVENGERS; (O) OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH OF SANITARY WORKERS; (P) EXPOSURE TO HARMFUL GASES- HARMFUL EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN SULPHIDE; (Q) LEPTOSPIROSIS; (R) RESPIRATORY DISORDERS; (S) CONCLUSION; (T) SUPREME COURT'S VIEW ON THE RIGHTS OF SANITARY WORKERS; (U)DELHI JAL BOARD V. NATIONAL CAMPAIGN FOR DIGNITY AND RIGHTS OF SEWAGE AND ALLIED WORKERS AND OTHERS; (V) LEGAL RIGHTS OF MANHOLE WORKERS; CHAPTER 5: REALISING THE RIGHT TO SANITATION: THE GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK; (A) PRIORITIZING WATER AND SANITATION SERVICES; (B)INTEGRATING THE RIGHT TO WATER AND SANITATION INTO INERNATIONAL COOPERATION PROCESS; (C) HOW GOVERNMENTS CAN PROMOTE THE RIGHT TO WATER AND SANITATION THROUGH INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION?; (D) ENSURING THAT ECONOMIC SANCTIONS DO NOT VIOLATE THE RIGHT TO WATER AND SANITATION; (E) PROTECTION OF WATER AND SANITATION FACILITIES DURING ARMED CONFLICTS; (F) NATIONAL URBAN SANITATION POLICY OF JULY 2010- AN ANALYSIS (G) INTEGRATED LOW COST SANITATION PROJECT BEING IMPLEMENTED BY THE MINISTRY OF HOUSING AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION (HUPA); (H) GOALS OF NATIONAL URBAN SANITATION POLICY (I) AWARENESS GENERATION AND BEHAVIOR CHANGE; (J) OPEN DEFECATION FREE (ODF) CITIES; (K)INTEGRATED CITY-WIDE SANITATION; (L) FINANCING; (M) MEASURES TO ENSURE SUCCESS; (N) JAWAHAR LAL NEHRU NATIONAL URBAN RENEWAL MISSION (JNNURM) AND SANITATION; (0) COMMUNITY LEAD TOTAL SANITATION MOVEMENT; (P) YAMUNA ACTION PLAN AND THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE MUNICIPAL COUNCIL OF DELHI TO PROVIDE SANITATION SERVICES; (Q) GANGAACTION PLAN AND SANITATION MEASURES; (R) OBJECTIVES OF GANGA ACTION PLAN; (S) SANITATION POLICIES IN INDIA: AN ANALYSIS; (T) TOTAL SANITATION CAMPAIGN; (U)TOTAL SANITATION CAMPAIGN AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL; (V) TOTAL SANITATION CAMPAIGN AT THE STATE LEVEL; (W) TOTAL SANITATION CAMPAIGN AT THE DISTRICT LEVEL; (X) TOTAL SANITATION CAMPAIGN AT THE VILLAGE LEVEL; (Y)PRINCIPLES OF TOTAL SANITATION CAMPAIGN; (Z) OBJECTIVES OF TOTAL SANITATION CAMPAIGN; (AA) FUNDING PROVISIONS; (BB) NIRMAL GRAM PURUSKAR; (CC) SUCCESS OF THE TOTAL SANITATION CAMPAIGN; (DD) CENSUS 2011- SANITATION STATISTICS; CHAPTER 6: INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDIES: AN ANALYSIS ; (A) GHANA; (B) GHANA'S MDG REPORT: SILENT ON SANITATION; (C) GHANA'S NATIONAL WATER POLICY, 2007: AN ANALYSIS; (D) GHANA'S NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION POLICY (NESP): AN ANAYLSIS; (E) NO EXPRESS RECOGNITION OF THE RIGHT TO SANITATION; (F) GROWTH AND POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY: AN ANAL YSIS; (G) ABSENCE OF TARGET TO ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL SANITATION; (H)NO EMPHASIS ON HYGIENE EDUCATION; (I) INSUFFICIENT FINANCIAL OUTLAY BY THE STATE FOR THE PROVISION OF SANITATION SERVICES; (J) NO FRAMEWORK TO GUARANTEE REMEDIES IN THE EVENT OF STATE FAILURE TO PROVIDE SANITATION SERVICES; (K) SRI LANKA; (L) MAHINDA CHINTHANA DEVELOPMENT PLAN; (M) CRITICISMS; (N)DICHOTOMY BETWEEN RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION POLICY AND NATIONAL POLICY ON SANITATION AS REGARDS HYGIENE EDUCATION; (0) OVER-EMPHASIS ON MARKET ORIENTED VALUES AS OPPOSED TO HUMAN RIGHTS; (P) NO EXPRESS RECOGNITION OF THE RIGHT TO WATER AND SANITATION IN THE SRI LANKAN LEGAL FRAMEWORK; (Q) CONCERNS OF MARGINALIZED AND VULNERABLE SECTIONS NOT TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT IN THE PROVISION OF SANITATION SERVICES; (R) CONCERNS OF WAR DISPLACED POPULACE NOT EFFECTIVELY ADDRESSED; (S) ABSENCE OF SECURITY OF TENURE NOT ADDRESSED IN THE PROVISIONS OF SANITATION SERVICES (T)NO OVERSIGHT MECHANISM TO ENSURE THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS WITH RESPECT TO SANITATION ; (U)KENYA (V) LOCAL AUTHORITY TRANSFER FUND (LATF), CONSTITUENCY DEVELOPMENT FUND (CDF) AND THE WATER SERVICES TRUST; FUND (WSTF)- BOTTOM UP APPROACHES TO ENSURE SANITATION FOR ALL; (W) WELFARE OF MARGINALISED GROUPS- APPROACH OF THE NATIONAL WATER SERVICES STRATEGY; (X)PRO-POOR IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION (PPIP-WSS), 2007; (Y)NO EXPRESS RECOGNITION OF A RIGHT TO SANITATION; (Z) ABSENCE OF DISSEMINATION STRATEGY AND PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS; (AA) SOUTH AFRICA; (BB) SOUTH AFRICAN JUDICIARY ON THE RIGHT TO SANITATION; (CC) Grootboom v. Government of Republic of South Africa, Case No CCT 38/00, court order made on 21 September 2000; (DD) THE POSITIVES OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN EXPERIENCE IN SANITATION; (EE) CRITICISMS; CHAPTER 7: SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS ; BIBLIOGRAPHY .
Right to sanitation and its realisation : an evaluatory study of law and governance in India - BangaloreBangalore NLSIU 2012 - 204 p. ; 25 cm.
TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION: DEFINING THE PROBLEM; (A) CONCEPT OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND ITS RELEVANCE IN THE SANITATION DEBATE; (B) THE SANITATION CRISIS; (C) WHY THE HUMAN RIGHT TO SANITATION REMAINS UNFULFILLED; (D) THE NEED TO PROVIDE THE HUMAN RIGHT TO SANITATION TO ALL; (E) BENEFITS OF RECOGNISING THE RIGHT TO SANITATION; (F) HINDRANCES AND ROADBLOCKS IN THE RECOGNITION OF THE RIGHT TO SANITATION; (G) TOWARDS AN ACCEPTABLE DEFINITION OF SANITATION; (H) SANITATION IN INDIAN CULTURE: AN ANALYSIS; (I) THE RURAL-URBAN DIVIDE IN ACCESS TO SANITATION; (J) HUMAN RIGHTS APPROACH TOWARDS THE REALISATION OF THE RIGHT TO SANITATION; (K)REALISATION OF THE RIGHT TO SANITATION- WHO'S DUTY?; (L) OBLIGATIONS OF GOVERNMENTS TO REALISE THE RIGHT TO SANITATION; (M) SANITATION SCENARIO IN INDIA; CHAPTER 2: RIGHT TO SANITATION: EVOLUTIONARY GROWTH AND PROGRESS ; (A)INTERNATIONALISATION OF THE RIGHT TO SANITATION; (B) GENERAL COMMENT NO. 15 ON THE RIGHT TO WATER AND; SANITATION- DEFINING THE RIGHT TO WATER AND SANITATION; (C) MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND THE RIGHT TO SANITAION: AN ANALYSIS; (D)RIGHT TO SANITATION AT THE INTE~ATIONAL LEVEL; (E) UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION OF JULY 2010; (F) UN HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL RESOLUTION –A/HRC/ 15L. 14; (G) OPERATIVE PARAGRAPH 3; (H) OPERATIVE PARAGRAPH 6; (I) TRANSNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS RELATING TO THE RIGHT TO WATER AND SANITATION; (J) RIGHT TO SANITATION DURING ARMED CONFLICTS; (K)CULLING OUT A RIGHT TO SANITATION FROM INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS DOCUMENTS; (L) RIGHT TO SANITATION - AN INTEGRAL PART OF RIGHT TO HEALTH, RIGHT TO EDUCATION, RIGHT TO ADEQUATE HOUSING AND RIGHT TO LIFE; (M) RIGHT TO SANITATION: AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE RIGHT TO PARTICIPATE AND THE RIGHT TO INFORMATION; (N)DECLARATIONS AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL; (0) RIGHT TO SANITATION IN REGIONAL TREATIES; (P) RIGHT TO SANITATION IN DOMESTIC LAWS; (Q)IMPERATIVE TO TREAT WATER AND SANITATION AS A SINGLE COMMON RIGHT; (R)THE OTHER SIDE OF THE COIN: WHY THE RIGHT TO SANITATION SHOULD BE DIFFERENT FROM THE RIGHT TO WATER; (S) IS THE RIGHT TO SANITATION REALL Y ACHIEVABLE?; (T) LIMITATIONS OF THE RIGHT TO WATER AND SANITATION; CHAPTER 3: LEGAL REGIME GOVERNING SANITATION IN INDIA: AN ANALYSIS ; (A) ARTICLE 21 AND THE RIGHT TO SANITATION; (B) SANITATION AND DIGNITY-ARTICLE 21; (C) SANITATION AND THE RIGHT TO CLEAN ENVIRONMENT-ARTICLE; (D) SANITATION AND THE RIGHT TO HEALTH; (E) LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE IN INDIA FOR THE REALISATION OF THE RIGHT TO SANITATION; (F) JUDICIARY ON THE RIGHT TO SANITATION; (G) MUNCIP AL COUNCIL, RA TLAM v V ARDICHAND AND ORS -LANDMARK JUDGMENT ON SANITATION GOVERNANCE; (H) SANITATION IN JAIPUR CITY- L.K. KOOLWAL V. STATE OF RAJASTHAN (I) M.C .MEHTA V. UNION OF INDIA (GANGA POLLUTION CASE); (1) FUNDAMENTAL DUTY TO PROTECT ENVIRONMENT WOULD IMPLY THE RIGHT TO APPROACH COURT AGAINST; RECALCITRANT STATE AUTHORITIES TO ENFORCE SANITATION MEASURES; (K) SALUTORY STATE MEASURES TO PREVENT CHOKING OF DRAINS AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS; (L) THE HIMACHAL PRADESH NON-BIODEGRADABLE GARBAGE (CONTROL) ACT, 1995-AN ANALYSIS; (M) THE SIKKIM NON-BIODEGRADABLE GARBAGE (CONTROL) ACT, 1997- AN ANALYSIS; (N) THE HARY ANA NON-BIODEGRADABLE GARBAGE (CONTROL) ACT, 1998- AN ANALYSIS; (O) OTHER JUDICIAL OPIONS ON SANITATION; (P) JANKI NATHUBHAI CHARA v. SARDARNAGAR MUNICIPALITY - UNSANITARY CONDITIONS IN SARDARNAGAR MUNICIPALITY; (Q)Dr. K.C. ·MALHOTRA V. STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH -UNSANITARY CONDITIONS IN GWALIOR CITY; (R)M.C. MEHTA V. STATE OF ORISSA -UNSANITARY CONDITIONS IN CUTTACK; (S) AMBALA URBAN ESTATE WELFARE SOCIETY V. HARYANA URBAN DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY; (T) CITIZENS ACTION COMMITTEE v. CIVIL SURGEON, MAYO (GENERAL) HOSPITAL; (U)VINOD CHANDRA VERMA v. STATE OF U.P- UNSANITARY CONDITIONS IN ALLAHABAD; (V)SECTOR 14 RESIDENTS WELFARE ASSOCIATION V. STATE OF DELHI; (W) LOCAL SELF- GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES IN SANITATION; (X)KERALAPANCHAYAT ACT, 1994; (Y)CHAPTER VI OF THE RAJASTHAN MUNICIPALITIES ACT, 1959-SECTION 98- DUTY TO PROVIDE SANITATION SERVICES; (Z) STATUTORY RESPONSIBILITY OF MUNICIPAL AUTHORITIES IN HIMACHAL PRADESH TO PROVIDE SANITARY SERVICES; (AA) DELHI MUNICIPAL CORPORATION'S STATUTORY RESPONSIBILITY AS REGARDS PROVISION OF SANITARY PROVISIONS; (BB) TOWN PLANNING SCHEMES AND SANITATION- KARNATAKA; (CC) INDIAN LAWS DEALING WITH SANITATION; (DD) FACTORIES ACT, 1948 AND SANITATION; (EE) SECTION 18- FACTORIES ACT, 1948- DUTY TO PROVIDE DRINKING WATER; (FF) SECTION 19-FACTORIES ACT, 1948- DUTY TO PROVIDE LATRINES AND URINALS; (GG) SECTION 20- FACTORIES ACT, 1948- DUTY TO PROVIDE SPITTOONS; (HH) SECTION 42-FACTORIES ACT, 1948- DUTY TO PROVIDE WASHING FACILITIES; (II) CANTONMENT ACT, 1924 AND SANITATION; (JJ)THE BUILDING AND OTHER CONSTRUCTION WORKERS (REGULATION OF EMPLOYMENT AND CONDITIONS OF SERVICE), ACT, 1996 AND SANITATION MEASURES; CHAPTER 4: SOCIO-LEGAL DIMENSIONS OF SANITATION: AN ANALYSIS ; (A)INHUMAN SANITARY EMPLOYMENT AS VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 23 OF THE CONSTITUTION; (B) FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND SANITARY WORKERS; (C) MANUAL SCAVENGING AND THE LAW: AN ANALYSIS INTO THE SOCIO-LEGAL HUMAN RIGHTS DIMENSIONS OF SANITATION; (D)AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE EMPLOYMENT OF MANUAL SCAVENGERS AND CONSTRUCTION OF DRY LATRINES (PROHIBITION) ACT, 1993; (E) DEFINITION OF MANUAL SCAVENGER; (F) CONDITIONS FOR THE PROHIBITION OF MANUAL SCAVENGINGSECTION; (G) RESPONSIBILITY FOR IMPLEMENTATION; (H) SCHEMES FOR THE LIBERATION AND REHABILITATION OF MANUAL SCAVENGERS; (I) CONSTITUTION OF MONITORING COMMITTEES-SECTION 13; (J) NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR SAFAI KARAMCHARIS ACT, 1993; (K)MAINSTREAMING MANUAL SCAVENGERS; (L)THE NATIONAL SAFAI KARAMCHARI FINANCE AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION; (M) SELF-EMPLOYMENT SCHEME FOR THE REHABILITATION OF MANUAL SCAVENGERS; (N) INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION FOR MANUAL SCAVENGERS; (O) OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH OF SANITARY WORKERS; (P) EXPOSURE TO HARMFUL GASES- HARMFUL EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN SULPHIDE; (Q) LEPTOSPIROSIS; (R) RESPIRATORY DISORDERS; (S) CONCLUSION; (T) SUPREME COURT'S VIEW ON THE RIGHTS OF SANITARY WORKERS; (U)DELHI JAL BOARD V. NATIONAL CAMPAIGN FOR DIGNITY AND RIGHTS OF SEWAGE AND ALLIED WORKERS AND OTHERS; (V) LEGAL RIGHTS OF MANHOLE WORKERS; CHAPTER 5: REALISING THE RIGHT TO SANITATION: THE GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK; (A) PRIORITIZING WATER AND SANITATION SERVICES; (B)INTEGRATING THE RIGHT TO WATER AND SANITATION INTO INERNATIONAL COOPERATION PROCESS; (C) HOW GOVERNMENTS CAN PROMOTE THE RIGHT TO WATER AND SANITATION THROUGH INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION?; (D) ENSURING THAT ECONOMIC SANCTIONS DO NOT VIOLATE THE RIGHT TO WATER AND SANITATION; (E) PROTECTION OF WATER AND SANITATION FACILITIES DURING ARMED CONFLICTS; (F) NATIONAL URBAN SANITATION POLICY OF JULY 2010- AN ANALYSIS (G) INTEGRATED LOW COST SANITATION PROJECT BEING IMPLEMENTED BY THE MINISTRY OF HOUSING AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION (HUPA); (H) GOALS OF NATIONAL URBAN SANITATION POLICY (I) AWARENESS GENERATION AND BEHAVIOR CHANGE; (J) OPEN DEFECATION FREE (ODF) CITIES; (K)INTEGRATED CITY-WIDE SANITATION; (L) FINANCING; (M) MEASURES TO ENSURE SUCCESS; (N) JAWAHAR LAL NEHRU NATIONAL URBAN RENEWAL MISSION (JNNURM) AND SANITATION; (0) COMMUNITY LEAD TOTAL SANITATION MOVEMENT; (P) YAMUNA ACTION PLAN AND THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE MUNICIPAL COUNCIL OF DELHI TO PROVIDE SANITATION SERVICES; (Q) GANGAACTION PLAN AND SANITATION MEASURES; (R) OBJECTIVES OF GANGA ACTION PLAN; (S) SANITATION POLICIES IN INDIA: AN ANALYSIS; (T) TOTAL SANITATION CAMPAIGN; (U)TOTAL SANITATION CAMPAIGN AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL; (V) TOTAL SANITATION CAMPAIGN AT THE STATE LEVEL; (W) TOTAL SANITATION CAMPAIGN AT THE DISTRICT LEVEL; (X) TOTAL SANITATION CAMPAIGN AT THE VILLAGE LEVEL; (Y)PRINCIPLES OF TOTAL SANITATION CAMPAIGN; (Z) OBJECTIVES OF TOTAL SANITATION CAMPAIGN; (AA) FUNDING PROVISIONS; (BB) NIRMAL GRAM PURUSKAR; (CC) SUCCESS OF THE TOTAL SANITATION CAMPAIGN; (DD) CENSUS 2011- SANITATION STATISTICS; CHAPTER 6: INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDIES: AN ANALYSIS ; (A) GHANA; (B) GHANA'S MDG REPORT: SILENT ON SANITATION; (C) GHANA'S NATIONAL WATER POLICY, 2007: AN ANALYSIS; (D) GHANA'S NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION POLICY (NESP): AN ANAYLSIS; (E) NO EXPRESS RECOGNITION OF THE RIGHT TO SANITATION; (F) GROWTH AND POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY: AN ANAL YSIS; (G) ABSENCE OF TARGET TO ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL SANITATION; (H)NO EMPHASIS ON HYGIENE EDUCATION; (I) INSUFFICIENT FINANCIAL OUTLAY BY THE STATE FOR THE PROVISION OF SANITATION SERVICES; (J) NO FRAMEWORK TO GUARANTEE REMEDIES IN THE EVENT OF STATE FAILURE TO PROVIDE SANITATION SERVICES; (K) SRI LANKA; (L) MAHINDA CHINTHANA DEVELOPMENT PLAN; (M) CRITICISMS; (N)DICHOTOMY BETWEEN RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION POLICY AND NATIONAL POLICY ON SANITATION AS REGARDS HYGIENE EDUCATION; (0) OVER-EMPHASIS ON MARKET ORIENTED VALUES AS OPPOSED TO HUMAN RIGHTS; (P) NO EXPRESS RECOGNITION OF THE RIGHT TO WATER AND SANITATION IN THE SRI LANKAN LEGAL FRAMEWORK; (Q) CONCERNS OF MARGINALIZED AND VULNERABLE SECTIONS NOT TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT IN THE PROVISION OF SANITATION SERVICES; (R) CONCERNS OF WAR DISPLACED POPULACE NOT EFFECTIVELY ADDRESSED; (S) ABSENCE OF SECURITY OF TENURE NOT ADDRESSED IN THE PROVISIONS OF SANITATION SERVICES (T)NO OVERSIGHT MECHANISM TO ENSURE THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS WITH RESPECT TO SANITATION ; (U)KENYA (V) LOCAL AUTHORITY TRANSFER FUND (LATF), CONSTITUENCY DEVELOPMENT FUND (CDF) AND THE WATER SERVICES TRUST; FUND (WSTF)- BOTTOM UP APPROACHES TO ENSURE SANITATION FOR ALL; (W) WELFARE OF MARGINALISED GROUPS- APPROACH OF THE NATIONAL WATER SERVICES STRATEGY; (X)PRO-POOR IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION (PPIP-WSS), 2007; (Y)NO EXPRESS RECOGNITION OF A RIGHT TO SANITATION; (Z) ABSENCE OF DISSEMINATION STRATEGY AND PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS; (AA) SOUTH AFRICA; (BB) SOUTH AFRICAN JUDICIARY ON THE RIGHT TO SANITATION; (CC) Grootboom v. Government of Republic of South Africa, Case No CCT 38/00, court order made on 21 September 2000; (DD) THE POSITIVES OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN EXPERIENCE IN SANITATION; (EE) CRITICISMS; CHAPTER 7: SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS ; BIBLIOGRAPHY .