TABLE OF CONTENTS
HEADING OF THE THESIS;
DECLARAT I ON;
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT S;
ABSTRACT;
LI5'T OF ABRREVIAT IONS;
TABLE OFCONTENTS;
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION;
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION;
1.1. Bed of the Sea Under customary International Law;
1. 2. Status of Seabed and Mineral Resources;
1. 3. Aims and objectives;
(a) Problem;
(b) Issues;
1. 4. Developing Countries' Interests;
1. 5. Importance;
1. 6. Plan of Work;
CHAPTER II : HISTORICAL BACKGROUND;
2. 1. Pragmatic Approach;
2.2. UNCLOS J;
2.3. Institutional Vacuum;
2.4. Maltese Initiative and Subsequent Developments;
(a) Ad Hoc Committee, 1967;
(b) Seabed Committee, 1968;
(c) Moratorium Resolution, 1969;
(d) Common Heritage of Mankind Resolution, 1970;
2.5. Industrialized states' Reaction;
2.6. Land-Locked States and Their Issues;
2.7. Legal Position of Common Heritage Principle
(a) Freedom of the Seas v. Common Heritage Principle
(b) Status of General Assembly Resolution
(c) Status Quo Assessment
2.8. UNCLOS III
i. Deliberations of the Conference;
(a) First Committee;
(b) ISNT Performance, 1975;
(c) RSNT Performance, 1976;
(d) ICNT Performance, 1977;
ii. Outcome of LOS Conference
(a) Adoption, Signature and Enforcement Overviewing;
(b) U.S. Opposition of Part XI of Los Convention;
(c) Other States' Negativity Reviewing;
CHAPTER III SCIENTIFIC AND COMMERCIAL INFORMATION;
3.1. Deep Seabed Zone Identifying;
3.2. Deep Sea Mining Consortia;
(a) International;
(i) Kennecot Consortium;
(ii) Ocean 102 Mining Associates;
(iii) Ocean 103 Management Inc.;
(iv) Ocean 103 Minerals Company;
(b) National;
(i) France;
(ii) Japan;
(iii) The Soviet Union;
(iv) India;
(v) China;
(vi) South Korea;
3.3. Deep Seabed Resources : Polymetallic Nodules 106 (a) Copper;
(b) Cobalt;
(c) Manganese;
(d) Nickel;
3.4. Seabed Mining Position;
(a) Economic Feasibility;
(b) Commercial Viability;
(c) Practicality;
3.5. Seabed Mining Venture;
(a) Research-Based Exploration since 1960s;
(b) Individual Objectivity-Based Exploration since 1970s;
(c) state Sponsoring Exploration since 1980s;
(d) Community-Based Mining Slnce 1990s;
(e) Minerals Concentration Indicating;
3.6. Land-Based Producer State~' Action and Reaction;
3.7. (a) Balanced International Trade and New International Economic Order;
(b) Economic Assistance;
3.8. Changed situations Against Deep Seabed Mining;
(a) Extended National Jurisdiction as Constraint;
(h) Discovery of Additional Land-Based Sources;
(c) Introduction of Substitute;
3.9. Reflection;
CHAPTER IV: DEEP SEABED REGIME THE AREA 165-242
4.1. Basic Principles;
4.2. Controlling Body;
(a) Assembly;
(b) Council;
(c) Secretariat;
(el) Enterprise;
(e) Other Organs;
4.3. The Authority Settlement of Disputes Machineries;
(a) International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea;
(b) International Court of Justice;
(c) Arbitral Tribunal;
(d) Special Arbitral Tribunal;
(e) Sea-Bed Disputes Chamber;
(f) Special Chambers;
(g) Ad hoc Chambers;
4.4. Transfer of Technology;
(a) Importance of Science and Technology;
(b) Transfer of Technology v. Common Heritage Principle;
(c) LOS Convention's Impact;
(i) Developing Countries;
(ii) Enterprise
(d) Overview;
4.5. Resource Management and Prospecting;
(a) Benefit for Mankind;
(b) Venture for Prospecting;
International Cooperation;
CHAPTER V: POST-LOS CONVENTION DEVELOPMENTS;
5.1. Why Unilateral Legislations?;
5.2. Fundamentals of Deep Seabed Regime;
(a) Customary International Law;
(b) UNCLOS I, Its Approaches;
(c) Aftermath of Common Heritage Resolution;
(d) Legal Validity of UN General Assembly Resolution;
(e) Aftermath of LOS Convention;
5.3. U.S. Refusal to sign the Convention;
5.4. Unilateral Enactments;
A. United states;
B. Federal Republic of Germany;
C. United Kingdom;
D. France;
E. Soviet Union;
F. Japan;
G. Italy;
5. 5. Enactments Analysis;
(a) Objectives;
(b) Bases;
(c) Pro and Anti-convention Aspects and Repercussions;
5.6. Industrial states' Defiance and Compliance;
5.7. Dual Regimes for Deep Seabed Mining: Reality orientation;
CHAPTER-VI : INTERIM ARRANGEMENTS;
6.1. Aims and Objectives of PrepCom
6.2. Organizational Features
6.3.
6.4.
Functions of PrepCom
(a) Sessional Activity
(b) Developing and Developed States' Claims and Counterclaims Adjustment
(c) U.S. Issues Highlighting;
(d) Reciprocating States' Agreement (Mini Treaty), 1982;
(e) Provisional Understanding, 1984;
(f) Arusha Understanding, 1986;
(g) New York Understanding, 1987;
6.4. PrepCom's Findings;
(a) Understanding Towards Community Regime;
(b) Understanding Towards Universal Participation;
6.5. Preparatory Investment Protection (PIP) Measures;
6.6. Pioneer Investors, Their Registration A. First Group of Applicants;
(i) Registration of the Government of India;
(ii) Registration of the Government of France;
(iii) Registration of the Government of Japan;
(iv) Registration of the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics;
B. Registration of Subsequent Applicants;
(i) Registration of the Government of the People's Republic of China;
(ii) Registration of the Governments of the Republic of Bulgaria, the Republic of Cuba, the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic the Republic of Poland and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics;
6.7. PrepCom and LOS Convention Interaction;
CHAPTER-VII: AGREEMENT RELATING TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PART XI OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA OF 10 DECEMBER, 1982 : GOAL FOR PARTICIPATION;
7.1. Trends of the United States Subsequences;
(i) Production Limitations;
(ii) Transfer of Technology;
(iii) Decision-Making Process;
(iv) The Review Process;
(v) The Status of National Liberation Movements;
7.2. Achievement on Part XI of LOS Convention;
7.3. Comparative study of Resource Policies Tabular Statement;
7.4. The Impasse aft.er 1982;
7.5. Achievements of AgRellmple Part XI LOS Convention Tabular statement;
7.6. Recasting;
CHAPTER-VIII : FUTURE PROJECTIONS;
8.1. Economy Oriented Parameter;
8.2. Technology Embodying Parameter;
8.3. Humanism Searching Parameter;
8.4. Common Heritage Principle: Dwindling Phases;
A. Continental Shelf Regime : Rights for Other States;
B. Regime for Islands Injurious to Common Heritage Principle;
C. Deep Seabed Mining Enactments A Dilemma for Common Heritage Regime;
D. What remedies against deep seabed mining enactments?;
8.5. Deep Seabed mining For Anti-Pollution Measures;
8.6. Aftermath of Deep Seabed Mining in Marine Environment;
8.7. Deep Seabed Mining Problem - Where is the End?;
CHAPTER-IX : CONCLUSION;
9.1. Deep Seabed Mining Necessity;
9.2. Laissez Faire Regime v Regulated System;
9.3. Power Politics v. Common Heritage Principle;
9.4. Developing Countries' Interests Through Pro and Anti-Power Politics;
9.5. Socio-Economic Equilibrium for International Harmony;
9.6. Land-Locked States What For?;
9.7. Developing Countries' position: Reality Evaluation;
9.8. Remedies Against Self-Centered Interests;
9.9. Reflection.

Bed of the Sea - Customary International Law Deep Sea Mining Consortium Seabed Mining - International Trade