Contents
CHAPTER-1 Introduction;
Page List of Abbreviations;
1.1 Background;
1.2 Hypotheses for the research;
1.2.1 First Hypothesis;
1.2.2 Second Hypothesis;
1.3 Research questions for this research;
1.3.1 Research Question 1;
1.3.2 Research Question 2;
1.3.3 Research Question 3;
1.3.4 Research Question 4;
1.3.5 Research Question 5;
1.3.6 Research Question 6;
1.4 Scope and limitations of the research;
1.5 Research methodology;
1.5.1 Research design;
1.5.2 Research methods;
1.5.3 Pilot study data collection process;
1.5.4 Samples for pilot study;
1.5.5 Ethics in compliance of pilot study;
1.5.6 Data collection tools of research work;
1.5.7 Data analysis;
1.5.8 Sources of data;
1.6 Objectives of the research;
1.7 Chapterisation of the Research Report;
1.7.1 Chapter 2: Transfer of Environmentally Sound Technologies (ESTs): legal status and obligations;
1.7.2 Chapter 3: Transfer of ESTs: Legal Regime and Multilateral Agreements;
1.7.3 Chapter 4: Sectoral overview: Law and Policy Developments in South Asia;
1.7.4 Chapter 5: Transfer of ESTs: Scope, Methods, Stakeholders, and Mechanism;
1.7.5 Chapter 6: Transfer of ESTs: Factors and Challenges;
1.7.6 Chapter 7: Intellectual Property Rights and Transfer of ESTs;
1.7.7 Chapter 8: Conclusions and Recommendations;
CHAPTER 2 Transfer of Environmentally Sound Technologies (ESTs): status and obligations;
2.1 Introduction;
2.2 Environmentally Sound Technologies (ESTs);
2.2.1 Environmentally Sound Technology: Legal status;
2.2.2 Working definition of EST;
2.2.3 Classifications of Environmentally Sound Technology (EST);
2.2.3.1 Classification on the basis of approach to combat climate change: Mitigation and Adaptation- Two Fold approach;
2.2.3.1.1 Mitigation Technology;
2.2.3.1.2 Adaptation Technology;
2.2.3.1.3 Mitigation and Adaptation Technologies – functional differences;
2.2.3.2 Classification on Functional basis;
2.3 Defining technology transfer;
2.3.1 Definition of the “transfer of technology” under different international instruments;
2.3.1.1 “Transfer of Technology” under Agenda 21 of United Nations;
2.3.1.2 Other international efforts of defining “Transfer of Technology”;
2.3.1.3 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC);
2.3.1.4 Definition of „Transfer of technology‟ in the IPCC Special Report on Methodological and Technological Issues on Technology Transfer (SRTT) (IPCC), 2000;
2.3.1.4.1 Criticism of IPCC definition;
2.3.2 A framework for a holistic definition of the transfer of technology in special context of ESTs;
2.3.3 The international politics of defining technology transfer;
2.4 Need for Transfer of Environmentally Sound Technologies (ESTs);
2.5 Technology transfer: A context from international legal principles including Human Rights;
2.5.1 Common but differentiated responsibility (CBDR);
2.5.2 Historical responsibility;
2.5.3 Precautionary Principle;
2.5.4 The Right to Enjoy the Benefits of Scientific Progress and its Application;
2.5.5 “Technology Transfer” in context of Human Rights;
2.5.5.1 Challenges to Human Rights in event of Climate Change;
2.5.5.1.1 The right to life;
2.5.5.1.2 The right to health;
2.5.5.1.3 Right to adequate food;
2.5.5.1.4 Right to drinking water;
2.5.5.1.5 Right to adequate housing/shelter;
2.5.5.1.6 Right of self-determination;
2.5.5.2 Human Rights aspects of the claim for “Technology Transfer”;
2.5.5.3 Responsibilities and Duty-Bearers;
2.6 South Asia – A Special case;
2.6.1 Impacts of climate change on South Asia;
2.6.2 Need of technology transfer in South Asia;
2.7 Conclusion;
CHAPTER 3 Transfer of ESTs: Legal Regime and Multilateral Agreements;
3.1 Introduction;
3.2 A Brief History of international negotiations on Environment and Climate Change addressing transfer of technology;
3.3 Technology Transfer under Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs);
3.3.1 UN Scientific Conference on the conservation and utilization of resources, 1949;
3.3.2 World Climate Conference, 1979, 1990, 2009;
3.3.3 Stockholm Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, 1972;
3.3.4 World Plan of Action, 1977 by UNEP and Vienna Convention, 1985;
3.3.5 Montreal Protocol, 1987 and Multilateral Fund (MLF);
3.3.6 Tenth World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Congress, 1987;
3.3.7 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change;
3.3.8 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, 1992;
3.3.9 United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC);
3.3.10 Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) in terms of legal implications and enforceability;
3.4 Technology development and transfer under UNFCCC Framework: Evolutionary developments;
3.4.1 Transfer of technology in terms of ESTs under UNFCCC Framework;
3.4.2 The Legal framework for Technology Transfer Obligations in the Climate Change Regime;
3.4.2.1 The Kyoto Protocol, 1997;
3.4.2.1.1 Transfer of Technology under Kyoto Protocol;
3.4.2.1.2 Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) under Kyoto Protocol: a vehicle of technology transfer;
3.4.2.2 Paris Agreement and the transfer of technology;
3.4.3 Critical Elements into the legal framework of UNFCCC;
3.4.3.1 Principle of historical responsibility and common but differentiated responsibility (CBDR);
3.4.3.2 Differential commitments in reference to the transfer of Technology;
3.4.3.3 Commitments of “all Parties”;
3.4.3.3.1 Technology promotion and cooperation;
3.4.3.3.2 The exchange of technology information;
3.4.3.3.3 “Full” exchange of technology information;
3.4.3.3.4 “Open” exchange of technology information;
3.4.3.3.5 “Prompt” exchange of technology information;
3.4.3.4 Commitments of developed country Parties;
3.4.3.4.1 Obligation of solidarity and assistance in technology transfer;
3.4.3.4.2 The obligation of solidarity and assistance in financial support;
3.4.3.4.3 Obligations of “other parties and organizations” along with developed countries;
3.4.3.5 Commitments of developing country Parties;
3.4.3.6 Commitments in the conditionality clause;
3.4.3.7 An enabling environment;
3.4.3.8 High moral aspiration- lessor on the ground;
3.4.4 Institutional Framework for the transfer of technology under UNFCCC;
3.4.4.1 Technology framework under UNFCCC;
3.4.4.1.1 Implementing structures within UNFCCC Treaty;
3.4.4.1.1.1 Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA);
3.4.4.1.1.2 Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI);
3.4.4.1.2 Implementing structures within the UNFCCC framework, instituted by Conference of Parties (COP);
3.4.4.1.2.1 Technology Transfer Framework (Framework for actions to enhance the implementation of
Page paragraph 5, of the Convention);
3.4.4.1.2.1.1 The Expert Group on Technology Transfer (EGTT);
3.4.4.1.2.1.2 Technology Needs assessment (TNA);
3.4.4.1.2.1.3 Technology information;
3.4.4.1.2.1.4 Enabling Environments;
3.4.4.1.2.1.5 Capacity Building;
3.4.4.1.2.1.6 Mechanisms for technology transfer;
3.4.4.1.2.2 Technology Mechanism;
3.4.4.1.2.2.1 Technology Executive Committee (TEC);
3.4.4.1.2.2.2 Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN);
3.4.4.1.2.2.3 Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN) Organisation;
3.4.4.1.2.2.3.1 Working of Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN);
3.4.4.1.2.2.4 Function of the Network and relation between Technology Needs Assessment (TNA) and Technology Action Plan (TAP);
3.4.4.1.2.3 Technology Framework;
3.4.4.1.2.3.1 Global stock take under the Paris Agreement;
3.4.4.1.3 A critical analysis of Technology mechanism under UNFCCC;
3.4.4.2 Financial Mechanism;
3.4.4.2.1 Global Environment Facility (GEF);
3.4.4.2.1.1 GEF and Poznan Strategic Program on Technology Transfer;
3.4.4.2.1.2 Other special funds managed by the GEF;
3.4.4.2.1.2.1 The Adaptation Fund (AF);
3.4.4.2.1.2.2 Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF) & the Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF);
3.4.4.2.1.2.3 Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR);
3.4.4.2.2 The Green Climate Fund (GCF);
3.4.4.2.3 Linkage between the Technology Mechanism and the Financial Mechanism of the Convention;
3.4.4.2.4 A Critical Analysis of Financial Mechanism;
3.5 South Asia (SAARC Countries) within UNFCCC framework;
3.5.1 TNA programme under the framework of UNFCCC, conducted in SAARC countries;
3.6 Way forward for technology and financial mechanism;
3.7 Conclusion;
CHAPTER 4 Sectoral overview: Law and Policy Developments in South Asia;
4.1 Introduction;
4.2 Mitigation;
4.2.1 Industry;
4.2.1.1 Industry sector in context of Climate Change in South Asia;
4.2.1.2 Industry sector and mitigation technologies;
4.2.1.3 Sectoral Challenges;
4.2.1.4 Regulatory and Policy space;
4.2.2 Energy;
4.2.2.1 Energy in context of Climate Change in South Asia;
4.2.2.2 Energy sector and mitigation technologies;
4.2.2.2.1 Energy efficiency and conservation;
4.2.2.2.2 Low-carbon electricity;
4.2.2.2.3 Fuel switching;
4.2.2.2.4 Renewable Energy;
4.2.2.2.4.1 Hydro Power;
4.2.2.2.4.2 Geothermal;
4.2.2.2.4.3 Wind;
4.2.2.2.4.4 Solar;
4.2.2.2.4.5 Tidal;
4.2.2.2.4.6 Biofuels;
4.2.2.2.4.7 Nuclear Energy;
4.2.2.3 Sectoral Challenges;
4.2.2.4 Regulatory and Policy space;
4.2.3 Transport;
4.2.3.1 Transport Sector in context of Climate Change in South Asia;
4.2.3.2 Transport sector and mitigation technologies;
4.2.3.3 Sectoral Challenges;
4.2.3.4 Regulatory and Policy space;
4.3 Adaptation;
4.3.1 Agriculture;
4.3.1.1 Agriculture Sector in context of Climate Change in South Asia;
4.3.1.2 Agriculture sector and adaptation technologies;
4.3.1.3 Sectoral Challenges;
4.3.1.4 Regulatory and Policy space;
4.3.2 Water;
4.3.2.1 Water in context of Climate Change in South Asia;
4.3.2.2 Water and adaptation technologies;
4.3.2.3 Sectoral Challenges;
4.3.2.4 Regulatory and Policy space;
4.3.3 Public Health;
4.3.3.1 Health Sector in context of Climate Change in South Asia;
4.3.3.2 Health Sector and adaptation technologies;
4.3.3.3 Sectoral Challenges;
4.3.3.4 Regulatory and Policy space;
4.3.4 Coastal Management;
4.3.4.1 Coastal Management in context of Climate Change in South Asia;
4.3.4.2 Coastal adaptation technologies;
4.3.4.3 Sectoral Challenges;
4.3.4.4 Regulatory and Policy space;
4.4 Regulatory and Policy Responses at National and Regional level in South Asia;
4.4.1 Regional Dispensation and Responses to Climate Change;
4.4.1.1 South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC);
4.4.2 Regulatory and policy initiatives at national level;
4.4.2.1 Afghanistan;
4.4.2.2 Bangladesh;
4.4.2.3 Bhutan;
4.4.2.4 India;
4.4.2.5 Maldives;
4.4.2.6 Nepal;
4.4.2.7 Pakistan;
4.4.2.8 Sri Lanka;
4.4.3 Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) of South Asian countries and their commitments for technologies: A survey 298;
4.5 Conclusion;
CHAPTER 5 Transfer of ESTs: Scope, Methods, Stakeholders, and Mechanism;
5.1 Introduction;
5.2 Need of Differential treatment with other Technology Transfer;
5.2.1 The theoretical basis;
5.2.2 The market mechanism;
5.2.3 Market imperfection;
5.2.4 Government failure;
5.2.5 Transfer of ESTs: something more than “trade”;
5.3 Vertical and Horizontal movement;
5.4 Choices and selection of Technology for Transfer;
5.4.1 Selection of specific EST: Criterions for selection of technology;
5.4.2 Effectiveness of any technology;
5.4.3 Relative price/cost of competitive technologies;
5.4.4 Other benefits associated with particular EST;
5.4.5 Collateral costing associated with any technology;
5.4.6 Challenges associated in implementation of any technology;
5.4.7 Feasibility of implementation of a technology;
5.4.8 Scale of implementation of any particular technology;
5.4.9 Applicable locations and conditions;
5.4.10 Potentiality of financing and markets;
5.4.11 Appropriateness criteria of selecting technology;
5.4.12 Approaches in selection of specific technology
5.4.13 Pure techno-economic assessment (TEA) Approach;
5.4.14 Contingency approach;
5.5 Methods and Mechanism of Technology Transfer;
5.5.1 Technology Transfer mechanism;
5.5.2 Means of the technology transfer;
5.5.2.1 Technology Transfer among states as representative;
5.5.2.2 International Technology Transfer between public and private sectors;
5.5.2.3 Transfer of technology through the functioning of Multinational companies;
5.5.3 Categorization of Technology Transfer Mechanisms;
5.5.3.1 Market oriented mechanisms:;
5.5.3.1.1 Foreign Direct Investment;
5.5.3.1.2 Joint Ventures (JV);
5.5.3.1.3 Licensing;
5.5.3.1.4 Trade in Goods and Services;
5.5.3.1.5 Technical Collaboration;
5.5.3.1.6 Subcontracting;
5.5.3.1.7 Turnkey Contracts
5.5.3.1.8 Management Contracts;
5.5.3.1.9 Production Sharing;
5.5.3.1.10 Joint Research Ventures;
5.5.3.1.11 Purchases of Plant, Equipment and Products;
5.5.3.2 Non Market Oriented Mechanisms;
5.5.3.2.1 Technical information and communication services;
5.5.3.2.2 Industrial trade fairs and exhibitions;
5.5.3.2.3 Participation in conferences, seminars and workshops;
5.5.3.2.4 Training;
5.5.3.2.5 Books, academic journals, business magazines, Newsletters etc;.
5.5.3.2.6 Informal personal contacts;
5.5.3.2.7 Online databases;
5.6 Stakeholders in transfer of technology and their Roles;
5.6.1 Different groups of stakeholders and their members involved in the process of technology transfer;
5.6.1.1 Technology Producers;
5.6.1.2 Technology Consumers;
5.6.1.3 Product Producers;
5.6.1.4 Product Consumers;
5.6.1.5 Resource Providers;
5.6.1.6 Technology Transfer Intermediaries;
5.6.2 Role of different specific Stakeholders;
5.6.2.1 The role of governments;
5.6.2.2 The role of international finance institutions;
5.6.2.3 The role of private sector organizations;
5.6.2.4 The role of civil society;
5.7 Stages in Technology Transfer;
5.8 North- South technology transfer: transfer from “Developed” to “developing” countries;
5.9 South- South technology transfer;
5.10 Technology transfer and North- South divide: An alternative perspective in South Asia;
5.11 Conclusion;
CHAPTER 6 Transfer of ESTs: Factors and Challenges;
6.1 Introduction;
6.2 Elements and Factors involved in Effective Technology Transfer of ESTs;
6.2.1 Factors involved in transfer of ESTs;
6.2.1.1 Economic and financial factor;
6.2.1.2 Extrinsic factor;
6.2.1.3 Human factor;
6.2.1.4 Communication factor;
6.2.1.5 Corporate factor;
6.2.1.6 Technological factor;
6.2.2 Elements in a successful transfer of ESTs;
6.2.2.1 Economic Sustainability;
6.2.2.2 Social Sustainability;
6.2.2.3 Environmental and GHGs‟ Mitigation Sustainability;
6.2.2.4 Technological Sustainability;
6.3 Challenges in transfer of Environmentally Sound Technologies (ESTs);
6.3.1 Market Challenges;
6.3.2 Information related Challenges;
6.3.3 Institutional and policy challenges;
6.3.4 Challenges from international law and procedure;
6.3.4.1 Substantive law;
6.3.4.2 The procedural level;
6.3.5 Challenges at Governmental level;
6.3.6 Regulatory and enforcement challenges;
6.3.7 Challenges in respect to planning;
6.3.7.1 Lack of integrated planning;
6.3.7.2 Lack of consistent policy;
6.3.8 Legislative and regulatory Challenges;
6.3.9 Implementation and enforcement challenge;
6.3.9.1 Restrictions on transferred technologies;
6.3.10 Capacity and infrastructure development Challenges;
6.3.10.1 The lack of capacity for climate technology transfer;
6.3.10.1.1 Deficiency in capacity - challenge at the macro level;
6.3.10.1.1.1 Challenge due to poor technology innovation system;
6.3.10.1.1.2 Information challenge;
6.3.10.1.1.3 Challenge of Unsound market;
6.3.10.1.1.4 Local capability challenges;
6.3.10.1.2 Deficiency in Capacity challenge at the micro level;
6.3.10.1.2.1 Motivation factor;
6.3.10.1.2.2 Access to information;
6.3.10.1.2.3 Purchasing power;
6.3.10.1.2.4 Organizational capacity;
6.3.10.1.2.5 Absorptive capacity;
6.3.11 Financial Challenges;
6.3.12 Social Challenges;
6.4 Risks and rewards associated with technology transfer;
6.4.1 Risks associated with technology transfer;
6.4.1.1 Risks from Public Sector perspective;
6.4.1.1.1 Developing country public-sector risks;
6.4.1.1.1.1 Legislative and Policy change;
6.4.1.1.1.2 Private-sector competence;
6.4.1.1.1.3 Country priorities;
6.4.1.1.1.4 Duration;
6.4.1.1.1.5 Intervention;
6.4.1.1.1.6 Dependence on subsidies;
6.4.1.1.1.7 Targeting Subsidies;
6.4.1.1.1.8 Willingness to pay;
6.4.1.1.1.9 Investment risks;
6.4.1.1.1.10 Investments by public sector for making a sustainable ecosystem;
6.4.1.1.1.11 Change in exchange rates;
6.4.1.2 Risks from Private-sector perspectives;
6.4.1.2.1 Developing country private-sector risks;
6.4.1.2.2 Technical;
6.4.1.2.3 Access to finance;
6.4.1.2.4 Foreign exchange risk;
6.4.1.2.5 Remote locations;
6.4.1.2.6 Changing policy;
6.4.1.2.7 Developed country private-sector risks;
6.4.1.2.7.1 Risks at planning level;
6.4.1.2.7.2 Technical;
6.4.1.2.7.3 Resource availability;
6.4.1.2.7.4 Investment risks;
6.4.1.2.7.5 Financial security;
6.4.1.2.7.6 Ability and willingness to pay;
6.4.1.2.7.7 Competitiveness;
6.4.1.2.7.8 Market risks;
6.4.1.2.7.9 Confidence;
6.4.1.2.7.10 Indigenous skills;
6.4.1.2.7.11 Movement of skilled local personnel;
6.4.1.2.7.12 Remote locations;
6.4.1.2.7.13 Quality standards;
6.4.1.2.7.14 Law of the land;
6.4.1.2.7.15 Changing policy in host country;
6.4.1.2.7.16 Political risks;
6.4.1.2.7.17 Legal Risks;
6.4.1.2.7.18 Contract risk;
6.4.1.2.7.19 Property risk;
6.4.1.2.7.20 Regulatory risk;
6.4.2 Rewards or gains in context of the transfer of ESTs;
6.4.2.1 Private-sector perspectives;
6.4.2.2 Incentives to private-sector of developing country;
6.4.2.3 Incentives to private-sector of developed country;
6.4.2.4 Incentives for community- end-user;
6.5 Way forward for addressing the challenges;
6.5.1 Increase domestic demand for ESTs through policy interventions;
6.5.2 Increase access to global markets;
6.5.3 Increase in supply of ESTs;
6.5.4 Facilitating technology cooperation;
6.5.5 Fair and equitable policies to facilitate trade;
6.5.6 Strong policy support to deliver value;
6.5.7 Incentives;
6.6 In perspective of South Asian and developing Countries;
6.7 Conclusion;
CHAPTER 7 Intellectual Property Rights and Transfer of ESTs;
7.1 Introduction;
7.2 Two opposite Views regarding the impact of IPR on Transfer of ESTs;
7.2.1 IP Protection and Transfer of ESTs – relationship: Literature review of empirical studies;
7.3 IPR as the subject of Negotiations at international forums;
7.4 IPR regime for transfer of ESTs;
7.4.1 IPRs and ESTs;
7.4.2 The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO);
7.4.3 The World Trade Organization (WTO) and TRIPS;
7.4.3.1 The preamble and principles;
7.4.3.2 Technology transfer provisions;
7.4.3.3 Possibilities under TRIPS Flexibilities;
7.4.3.3.1 Compulsory license as an option for mitigation and adaptation of climate change;
7.4.3.3.2 A case for compulsory licensing of Green Technologies;
7.4.3.3.3 TRIPS and International obligations - possibilities of compulsory licensing of ESTs;
7.4.3.3.3.1 Compulsory licensing under Paris Convention;
7.4.3.3.3.2 Compulsory licensing under TRIPS;
7.4.3.3.3.3 Competition issues involved with compulsory licensing;
7.4.3.3.3.4 Compulsory licensing for ESTs a context from Doha declaration;
7.4.3.3.3.5 International developments in context of compulsory licensing option for ESTs;
7.4.3.3.3.5.1 Negotiation under TRIPS council;
7.4.3.3.3.5.2 Developments in WIPO;
7.4.3.3.3.5.3 Developments in United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC);
7.4.3.3.4 Issues involved: A critical analysis;
7.4.3.3.4.1 Possibility of producing detrimental effects in long run;
7.4.3.3.4.2 Different Market Conditions;
7.4.3.3.4.3 Comparison with Pharmaceuticals: Non equitable analogy;
7.4.3.3.4.4 Effectiveness;
7.4.3.3.4.5 Cost effective IP for ESTs;
7.4.3.3.4.6 Intra and Inter market Competition;
7.4.3.3.4.7 Low Market Concentrations and Barriers at Entry level;
7.4.3.3.4.8 Government-funding in Research more in case of ESTs, making it less expensive;
7.4.3.4 Other provisions under TRIPS;
7.5 Other Options;
7.5.1 Practice of open licensing;
7.5.2 Formation of Patent pools;
7.5.3 Use of Technologies available in Public domain;
7.5.4 Options for the Placement of IPRs in International climate Agreements;
7.5.5 Exclusion of IPR from International climate change framework;
7.5.6 Amendment to laws related to IPRs in accordance with climate change agreements;
7.6 Perspective from Developed countries;
7.7 Perspective from Developing countries;
7.7.1 Issues involved in case of South Asian Countries and development in India in respect to compulsory licensing;
7.7.1.1 Legal position and policy developments in India;
7.8 IP issues within draft Transfer of Technology Transfer Code;
7.9 IPR Issue under Paris Climate Change Agreement;
7.10 Conclusion;
CHAPTER 8 Conclusions and Recommendations;
8.1 Conclusions;
8.1.1 Conclusion in respect to Research Question 1;
8.1.2 Conclusion in respect to Research Question 2;
8.1.3 Conclusion in respect to Research Question 3;
8.1.4 Conclusion in respect to Research Question 4;
8.1.5 Conclusion in respect to Research Question 5;
8.1.6 Conclusion in respect to Research Question 6;
8.2 Recommendations;
8.2.1 International efforts;
8.2.1.1 Efforts under the framework of UNFCCC;
8.2.1.1.1 Recommendations for some structural and functional change in Technology Mechanism available under UNFCCC framework;
8.2.1.1.1.1 Recommendations for the working of Technology Framework created under the Paris agreement;
8.2.1.1.1.1.1 Innovation Generation;
8.2.1.1.1.1.2 Implementation of road-maps/TNAs and coherence with Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs);
8.2.1.1.1.1.3 Capacity building and enabling environment in reference to sustainable technology cycle;
8.2.1.1.1.1.4 Collaborations and stakeholders engagement;
8.2.1.1.1.1.5 Support System;
8.2.1.1.1.1.5.1 Financial Support system;
8.2.1.1.1.1.5.1.1 The utilisation of Green Climate fund towards technology development and transfer;
8.2.1.1.1.1.5.2 Other supports and linkage with financial support;
8.2.1.1.1.2 Progress and further negotiations in light of Paris Agreement;
8.2.1.2 Other International Efforts;
8.2.2 Regional Efforts;
8.2.2.1 Focus more upon adaptation related efforts and Technologies;
8.2.2.2 Cooperative initiatives at regional level;
8.2.2.3 A separate regional treaty on climate change Corporation;
8.2.2.4 Climate Technology Centre & Network (CTCN) at Regional level in South Asia;
8.2.2.5 Regional block for International Negotiations;
8.2.3 National- Domestic Efforts;
8.2.3.1 Domestic innovation legislation and innovation policy;
8.2.3.2 A comprehensive enterprise;
8.2.3.3 Domestic incentives to EST development and transfer;
8.2.3.4 Separate EST classification in respect to Patent filling and priorities in Claim examination;
8.2.3.5 More focus on Adaptation technologies over Mitigation technologies;
8.2.3.6 Identifying, documenting and disseminating relevant information in respect to indigenous ESTs or information;
8.2.3.7 Scientific and technological centres for ESTs;
8.2.3.8 NDEs required to be strengthened
8.2.3.9 Legal and Policy initiatives suggested to India and to be replicated by other countries of the region
8.2.4 Priority Sectors and Priority Technologies
8.2.4.1 Mitigation Sectors;
8.2.4.1.1 Energy Sector;
8.2.4.1.2 Industry Sector;
8.2.4.1.3 Transport Sector;
8.2.4.2 Adaptation Sectors;
8.2.4.2.1 Agriculture Sector;
8.2.4.2.2 Water Sector;
8.2.4.2.3 Human Health;
8.2.4.2.4 Coastal Management;
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