CONTENTS;
Preface;
List of Charts, Diagrams and Tables;
Table of Cases;
Table of Treaties;
List of Abbreviations;
PART ONE: ELEMENTS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
I. INTERNATIONAL LAW IN PERSPECTIVE
L Distinctions
II. The Perspectives of International Law
A. International Law in Historical Perspective
B. International Law in Sociological Perspective
C. International Law in Ethical Perspective
III. The Doctrine of International Law
A. The Place of the Doctrine of International Law
B. History of the Doctrine of International Law
2. THE FOUNDATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
I. The r.aw-Creating Processes
A. Treaties
B. International Customary Law
C. The General Principles of Law
II. The Law-Detennining Agencies
A. Principal and Subsidiary Law-Deternlining Agencies
B. Elements of Law-Detennining Agencies
Ill. The System of International Law
IV. The Fundamental Principles of International Law
A. The Rules of International Law
B. The Principles of International Law
C. The Fundamental Principles of International Law
D. Optional Principles and Standards
2. THE FOUNDATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAw-cont.
V. International Law and Municipal Law
A. Conflicting Doctrines
B. The Struggle for Supremacy
C. The Exclusiveness of International Law
D. The Formative Influence of Municipal Law on International Law
E. The Application of Municipal Law by International Organs
F. The Blending of International Law and Municipal Law
3. INTERNATIONAL PERSONALITY
I. International Personality in Historical Perspective
II. Typical Subjects of International Law
A. Independent States
B. Dependent States
C. League Mandates and United Nations Trust
Territories
III. The Principle of Sovereignty
A. The Meanings of Sovereignty
B. The Governing Rules
C. The Co-existence of Sovereign States
D. The Complementary Character of the Rules of
International Law
E. The Significance of Negative Sovereignty
IV. The Principle of Recognition
A. The Functions of Recognition
B. Underlying Rules
V. The Acquisition of International Personality
A. Modes of Acquisition of International
Personality
B. Recognition of States
C. Recognition of Governments and Heads of State
D. Recognition of Insurgency and Belligerency
VI. Non-Typical Subjects of International Law
A. The Holy See
B. International Institutions
C. Individuals
3. INTERNATIONAL PERSONALITY-Cont.
VII. International Representation
A. Heads of State
B. Ministers
C. Diplomatic Representatives
D. Representation of, in and at International
Institutions
E. Consuls
VIII. Continuity and Discontinuity of International
Personality
A. The Relativity of Continuity and Discontinuity of International Personality
B. The Legal Consequences of the Cession of Territory
C. Subrogation and Treaties
D. The Alleged Rule of General State Succession
4. STATE JURISDICTION
I. The Statics and Dynamics of the Problem
II. The Forms of State Jurisdiction
A. Personal and Territorial Jurisdiction
B. Ordinary and Extraordinary Jurisdiction
C. Unlimited and Limited Jurisdiction
D. Potential and Actual Jurisdiction
III. Limitations of State Jurisdiction under International Customary Law
A. The Evolution of the Governing Rules
B. Diplomatic and Consular Immunities
C. State Immunity
D. Innocent Passage and Ships in Distress
E. Minimum Standards in Favour of Foreigners
F. The Abuse of Rights
IV. Limitation of Jurisdiction by Way of Treaty
A. The Law of International Institutions
B. International Economic Law
C. International Social Law
D. International Criminal Law
E. International Air and Space Law
5. OBJECTS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
L Territory
A. Titles to Territory
B. National Air Space
C. Internal Waters and the Territorial Sea
II. The High Seas
A. The Principle of the Freedom of the Seas
B. Exceptions
III. Individuals and Companies
A. Individuals
B. Companies
IV. Ships and Aircraft
6. INTERNATIONAL TRANSACTIONS
1. The Principle of Good Faith
II. The Principle of Consent
Ill. Treaties
A. The Meaning and Functions of Treaties
B. The Compatibility of Treaties with the
Principles of Sovereignty and Equality of State,
C. Public Contracts
D. The Conclusion of Treaties
E. Legal Effects of Treaties
F. The Interpretation of Treaties
G. The Revision of Treaties
H. The Suspension and Termination of Treaties
I V. Unilateral Acts
A. Types of Unilateral Acts
B. Legal Characteristics and Effects of Unilateral Acts
C. Parallel and Collective Acts
V. The Principle of International Responsibility
A. The Breach of an International Obligation
B. The Legal Interest of the Claimant
C. Identity of the Tortfeasor
D. The Requirement of Fault
E. Reparation
7. THE LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT
I. The Principle of Self-Defence
II. Measures of Self-Help.
7. THE LAW OF ARMEO CONFLlCT- cont.
Ill. The Three States of International Law
IV. Collective Security
V. State and Effects of War
A. State of War
B. Effects of War
VI. Functions and Foundations of the Laws of War
A. Functions of the Laws of War
B. Foundations of the Laws of War
VII. The Law of Land Warfare
A. Lin1italions ratione loci
B. Limitations ratione instrument;
C. Limitations ratione personae
VIII. The Law of Sea Warfare
IX. The Law of Air Warfare
X. Breaches of the Rules of Warfare
XI. Armed Conflicts not of an International Character
A. Colonial Wars
B. Civil Wars
e. Co-Belligerency
D. The Impact of the Geneva Red Cross
Conventions of 1949
XII. Termination of War
8. THE LAW OF NEUTRALITY
r. Neutrality in Historical Perspective
II. The Basic Rules
III. Permanent Neutrality and Neutralisation
IV. Rights and Duties of Neutral States
A. Neutrality in Land Warfare
B. Neutrality in Sea Warfare
e. Neutrality in Air Warfare
V. Neutral Nationals and Property in War on Land
A. Presence in a Belligerent's Own Territory
B. Presence in Occupied Territory
e. Presence in Enemy Territory
VI. Neutral Nationals and Property in War at Sea
A. The Right of Visit and Search
B. Seizure. Destruction and Adjudication of Neutral
Prize
8. THE LAW OF NEUTRALITY-Cont.
VI. Neutral Nationals and Property in War at Sea-cont
C. Contraband
D. The Doctrine of Continuous Voyage
E. Unneutral Services
F. Submarine Cables and Wireless Telegraphy
G. The Rule of the War of 1756
H. Blockade
I. Defence Areas, War Zones and Mines
J. Scope and Limits of Maritime Reprisals
9. THE LAW OF INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS:
I. NON-COMPREHENSIVE INSTITUTIONS
I. Types of International Institutions
II. Judicial International Institutions
A. Patterns for the Peaceful Settlement of International
Disputes
B. Arbitration in Historical Perspective
C. Functions
D. Organisation
E. Jurisdiction
F. Procedure
G. Judgments and Advisory Opinions
H. An Evanescent Mystique
III. Governmental International Institutions
IV. Administrative International Institutions
A. Functions
B. Organisation
C. Co-ordination of Efforts
V. Legislative International Institutions
A. The Classic Conference Pattern
B. Legislation and Quasi-Legislation in Organised
International Society
10. THE LAW OF INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS:
II. C OMPREHENSIVE INSTITUTIONS
1. Functions
II. Membership
A. Gasses and Conditions of Membership
B. Suspension, Withdrawal and Expulsion of
Members
Contents
10. THE LAW OF INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTION5-Cont.
II. COMPREHENSIVE INSTITUTIO-CONT
II. Membership---cont.
C. Control over Non-Member States
D. Mandates and Trust Territories
E. Non-Self-Governing Territories
III. Sovereignty and Equality in the United Nations
A. Sovereignty
B. Equality
IV. The International Status of the United Nations
V. Organisation
A. The General Assembly
B. The Security Council
C. The Economic and Social Council
D. The Trusteeship Council
E. The Secretariat
VI. Jurisdiction
A. The Maintenance of World Order
B. The Other Objectives
C. Evaluation
II. THE LAW OF INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS:
III. HYBRID INSTITUTIONS
I. Universalist One-Purpose Institutions
A. Common Characteristics
B. Membership
C. Organisation
D. Jurisdiction and Powers
II. Regional Institutions
A. Multi-Purpose Institutions
B. Regional One-Purpose Institutions
C. Supranational Institutions
III. Sectional Institutions
A. Objectives
B. Functions
C. Significance
12. PATTERNS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND ORGANISATION
IN THE NUCLEAR AGE
I. The Peculiarities of Classic International Law
II. The Ideology of the United Nations and the Reality
Of World Power Politics
12. PA TIERNS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND ORGANISATION IN
THE NUQ.EAR AGE
III. A Necessary Distinction
IV. Patterns for the Development of International Law
A. Restatement or Reform?
B. Codification or Common Law Pattern?
C. Universal or Non-Universal Patterns?
D. Official or Unofficial Agencies?
V. Conditions of International Order
VI. Patterns of World Order
A. The "One Way" Pattern
B. The" Bad Faith" Pattern
C. The Functional Pattern
D. The Regional Pattern
E. The United Nations Reform Pattern
F. The "World State by Consent" Pattern
G. The Natural" Selection Pattern
PART TWO: STUDY OUTLINES
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
I. INTERNATIONAL LAW IN PERSPECTIVE
II. THE FOUNDATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
III. INTERNATIONAL PERSONALITY
IV. STATE JURISDICTION
V. OBJECTS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
VI. INTERNATIONAL TRANSACTIONS
VII. THE LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT
VIII. THE LAW OF INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
PART THREE: FOR FURTHER REFERENCE
I. Classics of International Law
II. Collections of Treaties
Ill. Textbooks, Dictionaries, Case Books and Periodicals
PART FOUR: GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND MAXIMS
Index of Persons;
Subject Index