Contents Chapter 1 General Introduction; 1. Introduction; 1.1 Research structure; 1.2 Research methodology; 1.3.1 Aims and objectives; 1.3.2 Stamen of problem; 1.3.3 Scope and limitation; 1.3.4 Research Hypothesis; 1.3.5 Research Questions; 1.3.6 Research Methodology; 1.3.7 Sources; 1.3.8 Mode of Citation; Chapter 2 Overview of Traditional Knowledge of indigenous people; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Meaning of traditional Knowledge; 2.3 Definitions of traditional Knowledge; 2.3.1 The ILO convention; 2.3.2 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBO); 2.3.3 World Intellectual Property Organization; 2.3.4 Benefit Sharing; 2.3.5 Protection; 2.4 Traditional knowledge Vs Indigenous knowledge; 2.5 Rights of Indigenous people; 2.6 Abuse of traditional Knowledge of indigenous people; 2.7 Conclusion; Chapter 3 Inadequacies in Indian and International legal regimes towards protecting traditional knowledge; 3.1 Protection of traditional knowledge under National Legal Regimes; 3.1.2 Indian NGOs Efforts; 3.1.3 Governmental Efforts; 3.1.3a. Legislative initiatives (India); 3.1.3b. The Indian Patent Act, 1':170; 3.1.3c. The Biological Diversity Act, 2002; 3.1.3d. The Protection Of Plant Verity And Farmers Right Protection Act, 2001; 3.1.2 Protection of traditional knowledge under International Legal regimes:- 3.1.1. Traditional Knowledge at the TRIPS/WTO; 3.1.4. The Convention on Biological Diversity; 3.1.2c. WIPO; 3.3 Protection of traditional knowledge under Regional Legal regimes:- 3.3.1 Andean Community Common System on Access to Genetic Resources - 3.1.2African Unity Draft Legislations; 3.1.2 Asia Pacific Traditional Medicine Network (APTMNET); 3.1.2 Conclusion; Chapter 4 Juxtaposing the protection of traditional knowledge in India and South Africa; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Comparative Study of TK protection 1n India, African Model Legislation & Peru; 4.3 India; 4.3.1 Case Studies on Indian Traditional Knowledge; 4.3.1a Patenting of Neem; 4.3.1b Patenting of turmeric; 4.3.1c Basmati rice; 4.3.1d Jamun Patent Case; 4.3.1e Patenting of Jeevani; 4.3.1f Atta Chakki Case ; 4.4 SOUTH AFRICA; 4.4.1 Protection of traditional knowledge in South Africa through conventional intellectual property legislation; 4.4.2 Case studies on South African traditional knowledge; 4.4.3 Traditional knowledge of the Hoodia plant; 4.5 Conclusion; Chapter 5 Need of Legal Framework towards protection of traditional knowledge in India; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Advantages of sui generis law relating to traditional knowledge in India; 5.3 Protection of traditional knowledge, why?; 5.4 Modal sui generis protection proposals in India; 5.4.1 This section discuss WIPO draft 2013; 5.4.2 This section examines these three draft bills in turns.; 5.4.2a. Traditional Knowledge (Prevention and Protection) Bill 2000; 5.4.2b. Biological Resources and Tribunal Knowledge (Protection and Regulation) Bill 2003; 5.4.2c. The Traditional Knowledge (Protection and Regulation to Access) bill 2009; 5.5 Conclusion; Chapter-VI Conclusion Suggestion and recommendations; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Inferences drawn; 6.3 Suggestions & Recommendation; 6.4 Conclusion.