CONTENTS CONTENTS ; CERTIFICATE ; DECLARATION ; ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ; CHAPTER I ; INTRODUCTION ; CHAPTER II ; ORIGIN OF CO-OPERATIVES ; 2.1 Co-operative Movement ; 2.2 Co-operation Movement and Rural Economy ; 2.3 Five-Year Plans ; 2.4 Developing of Banking System during Post-Independence Period ; 2.5 Growth of Cooperatives in the First Half of 20th Century ; 2.6 Cooperatives in Second Half of 20th Century ; CHAPTER-III ; STRUCTURE of CO-OPERATIVE IN INDIA ; 3.1 Place of Co-operatives in the Indian Money Markets - ; 3.2 The NABARD - as an Apex Refinancing Institution of Rural Finances ; 3.3 Structure of Co-operatives in Indian Banking ; Central Co-operative Banks ; State Co-operative Banks ; Land Development Banks ; Urban Co-operative Banks ; Task Force for Co-operative Urban Banks (TAFCUB) ; 3.4 Characteristic of Co-operative Banks ; 3.5 objective of Co-operative Banks ; 3.6 The important ways by which the state patronizes the co-operative sector in India are follows:; 3.7 The Multi-State Cooperative Societies Act, 2002 (MSCSA) ; 3.8 The three-tier structure and the rural -urban distinction create several problems: 3.9 Reviews of the structure at state level ; 3. 10 Conclusion ; CHAPTER-IV ; DUALITY OF CONTROL ; 4.1 Origin of Dual Control ; 4.2 Reasons for application of Banking Laws on Co-operative Banks ; 4.3 Constitution and Duality of Control ; 4.4 Overlapping Jurisdiction ; 4.5 Banking Functions Vs. Co-operative Functions ; 4.6 Recommendations for Amendments In Banking Regulation Act, 1949 ; 4.7 Enabling Environment for Cooperatives in India ; 4.8 Conclusion and Suggestion ; CHAPTER-V ; 97TH CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT 2011 ; 5. 1PROBLEMS WHICH THE AMENDMENT TARGETED; 5.2 Changes in Constitution ; 5.3 Salient Features of the Constitution (97th Amendment) Act, 2011 ; 5.4 Implications of 971h Amendment 2011 on UCBs ; 5.5 Criticism In Practical Application of Amendment Act ; CHAPTER-VI ; CONVERSION OF UCBS IN TO SMALL FINANCIAL BANKS ; 6.1 Reasons for allowing conversion of UCB into joint stock bank ; 6.2 Difference between commercial bank and Cooperative banks ; 6.3 Alternative Models to corporatization: ; 6.4 Committee's recommendation ; 6.5 Business Size and Conversion of MS-UCBs into joint stock banks; CHAPTER-VII ; CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS ; Suggestions ; BIBLIOGRAPHY ; 1. PRIMARY SOURCE ; A. Statutes ; 2. SECONDARY SOURCE .