Contents:
PART A : INTRODUCTION;
1. Introduction: What is International Criminal Law?;
1.1 International criminal law-3;
1.2 Other concepts of international criminal law-5;
1.3 Sources of international criminal law-9;
1.4 International criminal law and other areas of law-13;
1.5 A body of criminal law-16;
2. The Objectives of International Criminal Law-22;
2.1 Introduction-22;
2.2 The aims of international criminal justice-23;
2.3 Broader goals-30;
2.4 Other critiques of criminal accountability-36;

PART B : PROSECUTIONS IN NATIONAL COURTS-41;
3. Jurisdiction-43;
3.1 Introduction-43;
3.2 The forms of jurisdiction-43;
3.3 Conceptual matters-45;
3.4 The ‘traditional’ heads of jurisdiction-46;
3.5 Universal jurisdiction-50;

4. National Prosecutions of International Crimes-64;
4.1 Introduction-64;
4.2 National prosecutions-64;
4.3 State obligations to prosecute or extradite-69;
4.4 Domestic criminal law and criminal jurisdiction-73;
4.5 Statutory limitations-77;
4.6 The Non-retroactivity principle-79;
4.7 Ne bis in idem or double jeopardy-80;
4.8 Practical obstacles to national prosecutions-82;
5. State Cooperation with Respect to National Proceedings-85;
5.1 Introduction-85;
5.2 International agreements-86;
5.3 Some basic features-87;
5.4 Extradition-93;
5.5 Mutual legal assistance-102;
5.6 Transfer of proceedings-104;
5.7 Enforcement of penalties-105;

PART C: INTERNATIONAL PROSECUTIONS-107;
6. The History of International Criminal Prosecutions: Nuremberg and Toyko-109;
6.1 Introduction-109;
6.2 The commission on the responsibility of the authors of the war-109;
6.3 The Nuremberg International Military Tribunal-111;
6.4 The Tokyo International Military Tribunal-115;
6.5 Control Council Law No. 10 trials and military commissions in the Pacific sphere-119;
7. The ad hoc International Criminal Tribunals-122;
7.1 Introduction-122;
7.2 The International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia-122;
7.3 The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda-135;
8. The International Criminal Court-144;
8.1 Introduction-144;
8.2 The creation of the ICC-144;
8.3 Structure and composition of the ICC-149;
8.4 Crimes within the jurisdiction of the ICC-150;
8.5 Applicable law-152;
8.6 Complementarity and other grounds of inadmissibility-153;
8.7 Initiation of proceedings (the ‘trigger mechanisms’)-163;
8.8 Jurisdiction: personal, territorial and temporal-166;
8.9 Deferral of investigation or prosecution: Article 16-169;
8.10 Enforcement of the ICC’s decisions-170;
8.11 Opposition to the ICC-171;
8.12 Appraisal-178;
9. Other Courts with International Elements-181;
9.1 Introduction-181;
9.2 Courts established by agreement between the United States and a State-182;
9.3 Courts established by the United Nations or other international administration-188;
9.4 Courts established by a State with international support-194;
9.5 Lockerbie: an ad hoc solution for a particular incident-196;
9.6 Relationship with the ICC-197;
9.7 Appraisal-197;
PART D: SUBSTANTIVE LAW OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMES-201;
10. Genocide-203;
10.1 Introduction-203;
10.2 The protected groups-208;
10.3 Material elements-213;
10.4 Mental elements-220;
10.5 Other modes of participation-228;
11. Crimes Against Humanity-230;
11.1 Introduction-230;
11.2 Common elements (the contextual threshold)-234;
11.3 Prohibited acts-245;
12. War Crimes-267;
12.1 Introduction-267;
12.2 Common issues-279;
12.3 Specific offences-289;
13. Aggression-312;
13.1 Introduction-312;
13.2 Material elements-318;
13.3 Mental elements-327;
13.4 Prosecution of aggression in the ICC-328;
14. Transitional Crimes, Terrorism and Torture-334;
14.1 Introduction-334;
14.2 Terrorism-336;
14.3 Torture-352;
PART E : PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES OF INTERNATIONAL PROSECUTIONS-359;
15. General Principles of Liability-361;
15.1 Introduction-361;
15.2 Perpetration/commission-362;
15.3 Joint criminal enterprise-367;
15.4 Aiding and abetting-374;
15.5 Ordering, instigating, soliciting, inducing and inciting-377;
15.6 Planning, preparation, attempt and conspiracy-382;
15.7 Mental elements 384;
15.8 Command/superior responsibility 387;
16. Defences/Grounds for Excluding Criminal Responsibility 402;
16.1 Introduction 402;
16.2 The ICC Statute and defences 404;
16.3 Mental incapacity 405;
16.4 Intoxication 406;
16.5 Self-defence, defence of others and of property 408;
16.6 Duress and necessity 410;
16.7 Mistake of fact and law 414;
16.8 Superior orders 415;
16.9 Other ‘defences’ 420;
17. Procedures of International Criminal Investigations and Prosecutions 425;
17.1 International criminal procedures 425;
17.2 International criminal proceedings and human rights 430;
17.3 Actors in the proceedings and their roles 436;
17.4 Jurisdiction and admissibility procedures 441;
17.5 Commencement and discontinuance of a criminal investigation 443;
17.6 The criminal investigation 445;
17.7 Coercive measures 447;
17.8 Prosecution and indictment 454;
17.9 Pre-trial proceedings – preparations for trial 460;
17.10 Evidentiary rules 464;
17.11 Admission of guilt, guilty pleas, plea bargaining 467;
17.12 Trial and judgment 469;
17.13 Appeals proceedings 471;
17.14 Revision 474;
17.15 Offences against the administration of justice 475;
17.16 Some observations 476;
18. Victims in the International Criminal Process 478;
18.1 Introduction 478;
18.2 Definition of victims 481;
18.3 Protection of victims and witnesses 481;
18.4 Victim participation in ICC criminal proceedings 484;
18.5 Reparations to victims 490;
18.6 An assessment 491;
19. Sentencing and Penalties 494;
19.1 International punishment of crimes 494;
19.2 Purposes of sentencing 496;
19.3 Sentencing practice 498;
19.4 Sentencing procedures 502;
19.5 Pardon, early release and review of sentence 503;
19.6 Enforcement 504;
PART F : RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL SYSTEMS 507;
20. State Cooperation with the International Courts and Tribunals 509;
20.1 Characteristics of the cooperation regimes 509;
20.2 Obligation to cooperate 510;
20.3 Non-States Parties and international organizations 515;
20.4 Non-compliance 517;
20.5 Cooperation and the ICC complementarity principle 519;
20.6 Authority to seek cooperation and defence rights 519;
20.7 Arrest and surrender 520;
20.8 Other forms of legal assistance 522;
20.9 Domestic implementation 526;
20.10 An assessment 528;
21. Immunities 531;
21.1 Introduction 531;
21.2 Functional immunity and national courts 538;
21.3 Functional immunity and international courts 545;
21.4 Personal immunity and national courts 545;
21.5 Personal immunity and international courts 549;
21.6 Conclusion 558;
22. Alternatives and Complements to Criminal Prosecution 561;
22.1 Introduction 561;
22.2 Amnesties 563;
22.3 Truth commissions 571;
22.4 Lustration 575;
22.5 Reparations and civil claims 576;
22.6 Local justice mechanisms 576;
23. The Future of International Criminal Law 579;
23.1 Introduction 579;
23.2 International courts and tribunals 579;
23.3 Developments in national prosecutions of international crimes 580;
23.4 The trend towards accountability 582;
23.5 The development of international criminal law 585;
23.6 The path forward (or back?) 587;
Index 591.