Agriculture & State - Latin America

Land Reform

Contents:
Preface xi
Abbreviations xv
Introduction 1
Chapter 1. Laws of Motion in the Center-Periphery Structure: The Underlying Forces 7
Evolution of Thought on Unequal Development 9
The Dialectic Between Production and Circulation 23
Contradictions of Accumulation in Articulated Economies 26
Contradictions of Accumulation in Disarticulated Economies 32
Dependency, Class Structure, and Social Disarticulation 40
Market-Widening and Market-Deepening 45
Mechanisms of Surplus Transfer Between Center and Periphery 50
Industrial and Financial Imperialism 50
Surplus Transfer Through Trade 52
Unequal Exchange 53
Unequal Trade 54
Unequal Rewards in the Formation of International Prices 54
Accumulation in the Center-Periphery Structure and the Current Crisis 55
Chapter 2. Agrarian Crisis in Latin America: The Facts 61
Integration of Latin American Agriculture into the National and World Economies 61
Patterns of Growth and Stagnation 68
The Rise and Logic of Functional Dualism 81
The Contradictions of Functional Dualism 85
Chapter 3. Transformation of the Agrarian Structure and the Peasantry 94
The Nature and Future of the Peasantry 95
The Marxist Classics 96
Peasantry as a Specific Type of Economy 100
An Alternative Conceptualization of Peasants 102
Roads to the Development of Capitalism in Agriculture 106
Modes of Production, Social Classes, and Types of Farm Enterprises 109
A Typology of Farm Enterprises 109
Empirical Characterization of the Rural Class Structure 114
Dynamics of Class Differentiation 117
Empirical Characterization of Class Differentiation: Global Data 118
Empirical Characterization of Class Differentiation: Country Studies 123
Mexico 123
Colombia 131
Peru 136
Chapter 4. Disarticulated Accumulation and Agrarian Crisis 141
Prevalent Theses on the Food and Hunger Crisis 141
Neo-Malthusianism 142
Technological Determinism 143
Monetarist Thesis of Stagnation 144
Structuralist Thesis of Stagnation 146
Overconsumption: Austerity and Aid 148
Poverty: Employment and Nutrition Programs 149
Material Determinants of the Agrarian Crisis 151
The Contradiction Between Rent and Profit in the Transition to Capitalism 152
Cheap Food and Foreign Exchange: The Contradictions 157
Food Self-Sufficiency Versus Comparative Advantages 158
Cheap-Food Policies Versus Development of Capitalism in Agriculture 162
Technological Bias Toward Laborsaving 169
Use Versus Reproduction of the Peasantry as a Source of Cheap Food 172
The Global Crisis 174
The New World Order: A New International Division of Labor for Agriculture? 175
Chapter 5. The Political Economy of Reformism 182
The Capitalist State 183
The Petty Bourgeoisie and Legitimation 187
The Peripheral State 191
Reforms and the Management of Crises 193
The Limits of Reformism 195
Legitimacy Crisis of the State 196
Fiscal Crisis of the State 196
Administrative Crisis of the State 197
Agrarian Reformism in Latin America 197
Chapter 6. Types and Consequences of Land Reform 202
A Typology of Land Reforms 203
Redistributive Reforms 207
Transition from Precapitalist Mode to Junker Road 208
Transition from Precapitalist Mode to Farmer Road 209
Shift from Junker Road to Farmer Road 209
Transition from Junker Road to Precapitalist Mode 210
Transition from Farmer Road to Precapitalist Mode 210
Shift from Farmer Road to Junker Road 210
Consequences of Land Reforms 211
Observation I: Market Expansion 211
Observation II: Development of Capitalism in the No reform Sector 214
Observation III: Political Stabilization Through the Reform Sector 218
Observation IV: Functional Dualism 220
The End of Land Reform 221
Chapter 7. The Strategy of Integrated Rural Development 224
A Typology of Rural-Development Projects 224
Criteria for the Evaluation of Rural-Development Projects 231
Puebla-Type Rural-Development Projects 234
The Puebla Project 234
The Garcia Rovira Project 235
The Cajamarca Project 237
Economic Achievements of Rural-Development Projects 238
Structural Characteristics of the Peasant Economy That Condition Technological Change 239
Functional Dualism 259
Semiproletarianization 242
Labor Scarcity 246
Profitability and Risk 247
New Technologies for Peasant Agriculture 248
Effective Demand 249
Risk 250
Diffusion Strategy 250
Extension Model 250
Institutional Linkages 251
The Political Economy of Integrated Rural Development 252
Chapter 8. The Agrarian Question and Change in Latin America: Conclusions 255
Policy Proposals for Growth with Equity 255
Employment Creation 256
Integrated Rural Development 256
Redistribution with Growth and Basic Needs 256
New International Economic Order 257
Redistribution Before Growth 257
The Limits of Reformism 259
The Political Economy of Equitable Growth 264
Notes 269
Selected Bibliography 303
Index 307