Contents
Acknowledgements ;
Abstract;
Abbreviations ;
List of Tables ;
List of Illustrations ;
1. Introduction ;
1.1 Background ;
1.2 Conceptualisation and Scope of the Study ;
1.3 Organisation of the Study ;
2. Literature Review ;
2.2 Recognition vs. Redistribution: A Debate ;
2.2.1 Nancy Fraser and ‘Perspectival Dualism’ ;
2.2.2 Axel Honneth and the ‘Struggle for Recognition’ ;
2.3 On Differentiated Citizenship ;
2.4 Social Identity and Citizenship in the Indian Context ;
2.5 Launch and History of Integrated Child Development Services ;
2.5.1 Funding Pattern of ICDS ;
2.5.2 Organizational Structure of ICDS in Rajasthan ;
2.6 Anganwadi Services Scheme ;
2.6.1 Supplementary Nutrition ;
2.6.2 Nutrition and Health Education Services ;
2.6.3 Immunization, Health Check-Ups and Referral Services ;
2.6.4 Pre-School Education ;
2.6.5 Population Norms ;
2.6.6 Coverage ;
2.7 Role of Anganwadi Workers in Health Service Delivery ;
2.8 On Patterns of Discrimination in Health Outcomes in India;
3. Research Methodology ;
3.1 Rationale for the Study ;
3.2 Problem Statement ;
3.3 Research Objectives ;
3.4 Research Questions ;
3.5 Design of the Study ;
3.6 Study Setting ;
3.6.1 About Hasiyawas ;
3.6.2 About Bharai ;
3.7 Data Collection Tools and Methods ;
3.8 Sampling ;
3.9 Method of Analysis ;
3.10 Ethical Considerations;
3.11 Challenges of Field Study ;
4. A Review of Policy Documents ;
4.1 Introduction ;
4.2 The National Child Policy, 1974 - Policy Behind the Programme ;
4.3 Integrated Child Development Services: Identifying the Hits and Misses;
4.3.1 Special Provisions for Under-Developed, Tribal and Hilly Regions;
4.3.2 Policy Guidelines: Action-Orientation Missing ;
4.3.3 Programmes for () Communities ;
4.3.4 Training of AWW: Not Rooted in Village Realities ;
4.3.5 Incentive Structure for AWW Missing ;
4.3.6 (No) SC/ST Reservations ;
4.4 Interventions by the Supreme Court ;
4.4.1 Universalisation of ICDS ;
4.4.2 Strengthening Compliance;
4.4.3 Rapid Scaling Up ;
4.4.4 Addressing Gaps in Beneficiary Identification ;
4.4.5 Focus on SC/ST Habitations ;
4.4.6 Universalisation with Quality ;
4.5 Conclusion ;
5. The Redistributive Paradigm: Barriers to Equal Access;
5.1 Introduction ;
5.2 Denial of Equal Opportunity by the AWW ;
5.2.1 Selective Dissemination of Information and Poor Communication ;
5.2.2 Community Participation: Who is Included, Who is Not ;
5.2.3 Unequal Division and Denial of Rights ;
5.2.4 Poor Quality of Care ;
5.2.5 Higher Opportunity Costs for SCs and STs ;
5.2.6 Popular Demand for Nutrition Missing ;
5.2.7 Geographical Barriers and Location of Anganwadi Centre;
5.2.8 Preference for Private Schools;
5.3 Denial of Equal Opportunity Due to Systemic Policy Gaps ;
5.3.1 Inferior and Substandard Infrastructure ;
5.3.2 Preoccupation with Numbers ;
5.3.3 Lack of Accountability ;
5.3.4 Issues with Convergence ;
5.3.5 Overworked and Underpaid AWW ;
5.3.6 Corruption and Political Interference ;
5.4 Role of Technology — An Enabler or a Deterrent? ;
5.5 Self-Exclusion on the Basis of Personal Beliefs and Individual Preferences ;
5.6 Conclusion ;
6. A Recognition for Identity ;
6.1 Introduction ;
6.2 Social Exclusion - An Outcome or a Process? ;
6.2.1 Exploitation as a System ;
6.2.2 Marginalisation in Everyday Social Transactions ;
6.2.3 Non-Recognition of Distinctive Group Identity ;
6.2.4 Shame and Internalisation of Discrimination ;
6.2.5 Devalued and Disrespected;
6.3 Conclusion ;
7. Summary and Discussion ;
Appendices ;
Appendix 1: Beneficiary Interview Schedule ;
Appendix 2: Anganwadi Worker Interview Schedule ;
Appendix 3: Lady Supervisor Interview Schedule;
Appendix 4: Anganwadi Centre Facilities Checklist ;
Appendix 5: Vignettes ;
Appendix 6: Anganwadi Centre at Hasiyawas ;
Appendix 7: Anganwadi Centre at Bharai ;
References and Bibliography.