TABLE OF CONTENTS SUPERVISOR'S CERTIFICATE; DECLARATION ; ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ; ABBREVIATION ; LIST OF STATUTES ; TABLE OF CASES ; CHAPTER -I INTRODUCTION ; 1.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ; STATEMENT OF PROBLEM ; AIM AND PURPOSE OF STUDY ; OBJECTIVES; HYPOTHESIS ; RESEARCH QUESTIONS ; METHODOLOGY ; LITERATURE REVIEW ; SCOPE AND LIMITATION ; CHAPTERISATION ; MODE OF CITATION ; CHAPTER -II ORIGIN, CONCEPT AND DEBATE ON TERRORISM ; 2.1 INTRODUCTION ; 2.2 A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW ; 2.2.1 Pre-Modern Use of Terrorism: ; 2.2.2 The French Revolution's Reign of Terror (1793 -1 794) ; 2.2.3 Anarchists (1890 - 1910) ; 2.2.4 The soviet Revolution (1917) ; 2.2.5 The Irish Rebellion (1919 - 1921) ; 2.2.6 Contemporary Terrorism ; 2.3 DEFINING TERRORISM ; 2.3.1 Problem of Definition: One Man's Terrorist is another Man's Freedom Fighter ; 2.4 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TERRORIST ACT AND CRIMINAL ACT ; 2.5 THEORIES OF TERRORISM ; 2.5.1 Anarchist Theory ; 2.5.2 Fascist Theory ; 2.5.3 Religious Theory ; 2.5.4 Economic Theory ; 2.5.5 Globalization Theory ; 2.5.6 Sociological and Psychological Theory ; 2.6 CAUSES OF TERRORISM ; 2.6.1 Ethno-Nationalism ; 2.6.2 Alienation Discrimination ; 2.6.3 Poverty and economic disadvantage, globalization ; 2.6.4 Political Grievances ; 2.7 KINDS OF TERRORISM; 2.7.1 State Terrorism ; 2.7.2 State Sponsored Terrorism ; 2.7.3 Religious Terrorism ; 2.7.4 Cyber Terrorism ; 2.8 CONCLUSION ;. CHAPTER -III TERRORISM UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW & HUMAN RIGHTS LEGAL FRAMEWORK APPLICABLE TO TERRORISM ; 3. WAR ON TERROR AND INTERNATIONAL LAW ; 3.1 RIGHTS OF SELF DEFENCE - A JUSTIFICATION FOR WAR ON TERROR UNDER JUS AD BELLO? ; 3.1.1 Traditional Requirement of Right of Self-Defence ; 3.1.2 Exercising Self- Defence against Terrorism ; 3.2 PRACTICES ADOPTED BY STATE WHI LST USING FORCE AGAINST TERRORISM; (a) Prior to 9/11 ; (b) The attack of 9/11 and Afghanistan War ; (c) Post 9/11 Right of Self Defence Against Terrorism ; (d) Attribution Requirement ; (e) Limits on Right of Self Defence against Terrorism ; 3.3. STATUS OF TERRORIST GROUPS UNDER INTERNATIONAL HUMANITAR IAN LAW (JUS IN BELLUM) ; 3.3 LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR COUNTER-TERRORISM UNDER THE INTERNATIONAL LAW ; 3.4 DEFINITION OF TERRORRISM UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW ; 3.4.1 Impediments to agreement on a comprehensive definition ; 3.4.2 Sectoral Approach ; 3.4.3 Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism ; 3.5 THE UNITED NATIONS AND COUNTER-TERRORISM ; 3.6 INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW AND COUNTER-TERRIRISM; 3.7 INTERNATIONAL LAW ON THE USE OF FORCE (JUS AD BELLUM) AND INTERNATIONAL HUMANITAR IAN LAW (JUS IN BELLO) ; 3.7.1 Jus ad Bellum and Counter Terrorism ; 3.7.2 Jus in Bello and Counter Terrorism ; 3.7.3 IHL and Reference to Terrorism ; 3.8 THE SCOPE OF JUS COG ENS IN HUMAN RIGHTS NORMS: ; 3.8 NON-DEROGABLE RIGHTS AT UNIVERSAL, REGIONAL AND NATIONAL LEVEL: CONCEPTUAL VIEW ; 3.9 PRINCIPLE RELATING TO DEROGATION: ; 3.10 NON-DEROGABLE RIGHTS UNDER THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION:; 3.11 HUMAN RIGHTS LAW AND COUNTER TERRORISM ; 3.12 CONCLUSION ; CHAPTER -IV COUNTER TERRORISM MEASURES IN INDIA ; 4.1 PRE-INDEPENDENCE: ; 4.1.1 East India Company Act, 1780: ; 4.1.2 State Prisoners' Act, 1859 ; 4.1.2 Indian Council Act of 1816: ; 4.1.3 Defence of India Acts: ; 4.1 .4 Rowlatt Act, 1919: ; 4.2 POST-INDEPENDENCE: 4.2.1 Preventive Detention Act, 1950: ; 4.2.2 Defence of India Act, 1962: 4.2.3 Maintenance of Internal Security Act, 1971: 4.2.4 Armed Forces Special Powers Act, 1958: 4.2.5 The Armed Forces (Assam and Manipur) Special Powers Act, 1958: 4.2.6 The Armed Forces (Punjab and Chandigarh) Special Powers Act, 1983: 4.2.7 The Armed Forces (Jammu & Kashmir) Special Powers Act, 1990: 4.2.8 Unlawful Activities Prevention Act, 1967: 4.2.9 National Security Act, 1980: 4.2.1 0 Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, 1987: 4.2.11 The Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002: 4.2.1 2 National Investigation Agency Act, 2008: 4.2.1 3 Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act, 1999 (MEOCA): . CHAPTER - V VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN COUNTER TERRORISM MEASURES UNDER REGIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LAW ; 5.1 INTRODUCTION ; 5.2 OVERVIEW ; 5.3 THE UNITED NATIONS PANEL ON THREATS, CHALLENGES AND CHANGES ; 5.4 THE INCEPTION OF COUNTER TERRORISM IMPLEMENTATION TASK FORCE (CTITF) ; 5.5 HUMAN RIGHTS AND TERRORISM ; 5.5.1 THE ABU GHRAIB TORTURE AND PRISONER ABUSE ; 5.5.2 THE CASE OF MANADEL AL·JAMADI ; 5.6·ARMED FORCES (SPECIAL POWERS) ACT,1958 ; 5.6.1 THE CASE OF MOHD AZAD ; 5.6.2 THE CASE OF OINAM PAPAK ; 5.7 JAMMU AND KASHMIR ; 5.8 KUNAN POSHPORA; 5.9 CASES ON FALSE IMPLICATIONS: 5.1 0 LIST OF CASES FILED UNDER THE ACT: 5.1 3 CONCLUSION: ; CHAPTER - VI CONCLUSION & SUGGESTIONS ; BIBLIOGRAPHY .