000			04289cam a22003378i 4500
001			21969563
005			20230530163228.0
008			210402s2021 nyu b 001 0 eng
010			_a 2021014363
020			_a9780197523681 _q(hb)
040			_aDLC _beng _erda _cDLC _dDLC
042			_apcc
082	0	0	_a384.334
100	1		_aO'Hara, Kieron, _eauthor.
245	1	0	_aFour internets : _bdata, geopolitics, and the governance of cyberspace / _cKieron O'Hara and Wendy Hall.
263			_a2107
264		1	_aNew York, NY, United States of America : _bOxford University Press, _c[2021]
300			_apages cm
336			_atext _btxt _2rdacontent
337			_aunmediated _bn _2rdamedia
338			_avolume _bnc _2rdacarrier
504			_aIncludes bibliographical references and index.
505			_aForeword; Preface; Acknowledgements; Chapter One: Preliminary concepts: Networks and data; PART I: THE FIRST INTERNET: THE SILICON VALLEY OPEN INTERNET; Chapter Two: How the Internet developed; Chapter Three: Governing the Internet; Chapter Four: The vision of the Open Internet; Chapter Five: Policy question: How can quality be ensured in an open system like Wikipedia?; PART II: ALTERNATIVES TO OPENNESS; Chapter Six: Openness and its discontents; Chapter Seven: The second Internet: The Brussels Bourgeois Internet; Chapter Eight: Policy question: When is surveillance justified?; Chapter Nine: The third Internet: The DC Commercial Internet; Chapter Ten: Policy question: How can competition against the tech giants be fostered?; Chapter Eleven: The fourth Internet: The Beijing Paternal Internet; Chapter Twelve: Policy question: Is Huawei infrastructure a threat to Western national security?; Chapter Thirteen: The Moscow spoiler model; Chapter Fourteen: Policy question: Is a sovereign Internet feasible?; Chapter Fifteen: Peaceful co-existence; PART III: FUTURES; Chapter Sixteen: India, the "swing state"; Chapter Seventeen: Policy question: When should personal data cross borders?; Chapter Eighteen: Artificial Intelligence; Chapter Nineteen: Smart cities and the Internet of Things; Chapter Twenty: Social machines; Chapter Twenty-One: The unity of freedom; Glossary of abbreviations; Notes; References to books and academic papers; Index.
520			_a"The book describes the Internet, and how Internet governance prevents it fragmenting into a 'Splinternet'. Four opposing ideologies about how data flows around the network have become prominent because they are (a) implemented by technical standards, and (b) backed by influential geopolitical entities. Each of these specifies an 'Internet', described in relation to its implementation by a specific geopolitical entity. The Four Internets of the title are the Silicon Valley Open Internet, developed by pioneers of the Internet in the 1960s, based on principles of openness and efficient dataflow; the Brussels Bourgeois Internet, exemplified by the European Union with a focus on human rights and legal administration; the DC Commercial Internet, exemplified by the Washington establishment and its focus on property rights and market solutions; and the Beijing Paternal Internet, exemplified by the Chinese government's control of Internet content. These Internets have to coexist if the Internet as a whole is to remain connected. The book also considers the weaponization of the hacking ethic as the Moscow Spoiler model, exemplified by Russia's campaigns of misinformation at scale; this is not a vision of the Internet, but is parasitic on the others. Each of these ideologies is illustrated by a specific policy question. Potential future directions of Internet development are considered, including the policy directions that India might take, and the development of technologies such as artificial intelligence, smart cities, the Internet of Things, and social machines. A conclusion speculates on potential future Internets that may emerge alongside those described"-- _cProvided by publisher.
650		0	_aInternet governance.
650		0	_aInternet _xPolitical aspects.
700	1		_aHall, Wendy, _d1952- _eauthor.
906			_a7 _bcbc _corignew _d1 _eecip _f20 _gy-gencatlg
942			_2ddc _cBK
999			_c211940 _d211940