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100			_aCopi Irving M
245			_aIntroduction to Logic
250			_a11th
260			_aNew Delhi _bPrentice Hall of India _c2004
300			_a647p _cxxii
365			_b Rs.295
505			_aCONTENTS Foreword xiii Preface to the Eleventh Edition AX Acknowledgments xix Walk-through of eLogic Online Tutorial xxii PART ONE LOGIC AND LANGUAGE 1 CHAPTER 1 BASIC LOGICAL CONCEPTS 3 1.1 What Logic Is 3 1.2 Propositions and Sentences 4 1.3 Arguments, Premisses, and Conclusions 6 Exercises 8 1.4 Analyzing Arguments 11 A. Paraphrasing 12 B. Diagramming 13 C. Interwoven Arguments 15 Exercises 18 1.5 Recognizing Arguments 21 A. Conclusion- and Premiss-indicators 21 B. Arguments in Context 22 C. Premisses Not in Declarative Form 24 D. Unstated Propositions 26 Exercises 28 1.6 Arguments and Explanations 35 Exercises 37 1.7 Deduction and Validity 1.8 Induction and Probability 43 1.9 Validity and Truth 46 1.10 Complex Argumentative Passages 50 Exercises 54 1.11 Reasoning 58 Exercises 64 Challenge to the Reader 67 Summary of Chapter 1 68 CHAPTER 2 THE USES OF LANGUAGE 71 2.1 Three Basic Functions of Language 71 2.2 Discourse Serving Multiple Functions 74 2.3 The Forms of Discourse 76 Exercises 80 2.4 Emotive Words Exercise 88 2.5 Kinds of Agreement and Disagreement 88 Exercises 91 2.6 Emotively Neutral Language 95 Exercise 97 Summary of Chapter 2 97 CHAPTER 3 DEFINITION 99 3.1 Disputes, Verbal Disputes, and Definitions 99 Exercise 102 3.2 Kinds of Definition and the Resolution of Disputes 102 1. Stipulative Definitions 103 2. Lexical Definitions 105 3. Precising Definitions 106 4. Theoretical Definitons 109 5. Persuasive Definitions 110 Exercises 111 3.3 Extension and Intension 114 17 Exercises 117 3.4 Extensional Definitions 118 Exercises 120 3.5 Intensional Definitions 120 Exercises 124 3.6 Rules for Definition by Genus and Difference 125 Exercises 129 Summary of Chapter 3 134 CHAPTER 4 FALLACIES 137 4.1 What Is a Fallacy? 137 4.2 Fallacies of Relevance 139 R1. The Argument from Ignorance: Argument Ad Ignorantiam 139 R2. The Appeal to Inappropriate Authority: Argument Ad Verecundiam 141 R3. Argument Ad Hominem 143 A. Argument Ad Hominem, Abusive 143 inl omm B. Argument Ad Hominem, Circumstantial 144 R4. The Appeal to Emotion: Argument Ad Populum 145 R5. The Appeal to Pity: Argument Ad Misericordiam 147 t R6. The Appeal to Force: Argument Ad Baculum 148 R7. Irrelevani Conclusion: Ignoratio Elenchi 149 Exercises 150 4.3 Fallacies of Presumption 156 PL. Complex Question 156 P2. False Cause 158 P3. Begging the Question: Petitio Principii 159 P4. and P5. Accident and Converse Accident 160 Exercises 161 4.4 Fallacies of Ambiguity 163 A1. Equivocation 163 A2. Amphiboly 165 A3. Accent 165 A4. Composition 167 A5. Division 168 Exercises 171 Summary of Chapter 4 177 PART TWO DEDUCTION 179 CHAPTER 5 CATEGORICAL PROPOSITIONS 181 5.1 The Theory of Deduction 181 5.2 Categorical Propositions and Classes 182 Exercises 184 5.3 Quality, Quantity, and Distribution 185 A. Quality 185 B. Quantity 185 C. General Schema of Standard-Form Categorical Propositions 186 nuba S D. Distribution 186 Exercises 188 5.4 The Traditional Square of Opposition 188 A. Contradictories 189 B. Contraries 189 C. Subcontraries 190 D. Subalternation 190 32 p E. The Square of Opposition 191 Exercises 193 5.5 Further Immediate Inferences 193 B. Obversion 195 C. Contraposition 197 Exercises 200 5.6 Existential Import and the Interpretation of Categorical Propositions 202 Exercises 207 5.7 Symbolism and Diagrams for Categorical Propositions 208 Exercises 213 Summary of Chapter 5 214 CHAPTER 6 CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMS 217 6.1 Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms 217 A. Major, Minor, and Middle Terms 217 B. Mood 218 C. Figure 218 Exercises 220 6.2 The Formal Nature of Syllogistic Argument 221 Exercises 223 6.3 Venn Diagram Technique for Testing Syllogisms 224 Exercises 230 6.4 Syllogistic Rules and Syllogistic Fallacies 232 6.5 Exposition of the 15 Valid Forms of the Categorical Syllogism 236 Exercises 239 6.6 Deduction of the 15 Valid Forms of the Categorical Syllogism 242 Exercises 245 Summary of Chapter 6 246 CHAPTER 7 ARGUMENTS IN ORDINARY LANGUAGE 249 7.1 Syllogistic Arguments in Ordinary Language 249 7.2 Reducing the Number of Terms in a Syllogistic Argument 250 Exercises 252 7.3 Translating Categorical Propositions into Standard Form 253 Exercises 260 7.4 Uniform Translation 261 Exercises 263 7.5 Enthymemes 269 Exercises 272 7.6 Sorites 275 Exercises 277 7.7 Disjunctive and Hypothetical Syllogisms 279 Exercises 282 7.8 The Dilemma 287 Exercises 291 Summary of Chapter 7 296 CHAPTER 8 SYMBOLIC LOGIC 299 8.1 The Symbolic Language of Modern Logic 299 8.2 The Symbols for Conjunction, Negation, and Disjunction 300 A. Conjunction 301 B. Negation 303 C. Disjunction 304 D. Punctuatiom 306 Exercises 309 8.3 Conditional Statements and Material Implication 312 Exercises 319 8.4 Argument Forms and Arguments 321 A. Refutation by Logical Analogy 321 B. Testing Arguments on Truth Tables 324 C. Some Common Valid Argument Forms 326 Disjunctive Syllogism 326 Modus Ponens 327 Modus Tollens 328 Hypothetical Syllogism 328 D. Some Common Invalid Argument Forms 330 E. Substitution Instances and Specific Forms 330 MA YOOJAA IT AH Exercises 331 8.5 Statement Forms and Material Equivalence 335 A. Statement Forms and Statements 335 B. Tautologous, Contradictory, and Contingent Statement Forms 335 C. Material Equivalence 337 D. Arguments, Conditional Statements, and Tautologies 338 Exercises 339 8.6 Logical Equivalence 340 8.7 The Paradoxes of Material Implication 343 8.8 The Three "Laws of Thought" 344 Summary of Chapter 8 346 CHAPTER 9 THE METHOD OF DEDUCTION 349 9.1 Formal Proof of Validity 349 Exercises 352 9.2 The Rule of Replacement 359 Exercises 364 9.3 Proof of Invalidity 372 Exercises 374 9.4 Inconsistency 375 Exercises 378 Summary of Chapter 9 382 CHAPTER 10 QUANTIFICATION THEORY 385 10.1 Singular Propositions 385 10.2 Quantification 387 10.3 Traditional Subject-Predicate Propositions 391 Exercises 396 10.4 Proving Validity 398 gml InielcM bns Exercises 404 10.5 Proving Invalidity 406 Exercises 409 10.6 Asyllogistic Inference 411 Exercises 414 Summary of Chapter 10 419 PART THREE INDUCTION 421 CHAPTER 11 ANALOGY AND PROBABLE INFERENCE 423 11.1 Argument by Analogy 423 Exercises 426 11.2 Appraising Analogical Arguments 430 Exercises 434 11.3 Refutation by Logical Analogy 440 Exercises 443 Summary of Chapter 11 446 CHAPTER 12 CAUSAL CONNECTIONS: MILL's METHODS OF 310 EXPERIMENTAL INQUIRY 449 12.1 Cause and Effect 449 A. The Meaning of "Cause" 449 Contents B. Causal Laws and the Uniformity of Nature 452 C. Induction by Sinmple Enumeration 453 12.2 Mill's Methods 455 1. The Method of Agreement 456 Exercises 458 2. The Method of Difference 460 Exercises 462 3. The Joint Method of Agreement amd Difference 466 Exercises 467 4. The Method of Residues 470 Exercises 472 5. The Method of Concomitant Variation 474 Exercises 476 12.3 Critique of Mill's Methods 480 A. The Limitations of Mill's Methods 480 B. The Power of Mill's Methods 481 Exercises 482 Summary of Chapter 12 491 CHAPTER 13 SCIENCE AND HYPOTHESIS 493 13.1 The Values of Science 493 13.2 Explanations: Scientific and Unscientific 494 13.3 Evaluating Scientific Explanations 496 1. Compatibility with Previously Well-established Hypotheses 496 2. Predictive or Explanatory Power 497 3. Simplicity 499 13.4 Seven Stages of Scientific Investigation 500 1. Identifying the Problem 500 2. Devising Preliminary Hypotheses 500 3. Collecting Additional Facts 501 4. Formulating the Explanatory Hypothesis 501 5. Deducing Further Consequences 502 6. Testing the Consequences 502 7. Applying the Theory 503 Exercises 504 13.5 Scientists in Action: The Pattern of Scientific Investigation 504 13.6 Crucial Experiments and Ad Hoc Hypotheses 510 A. Crucial Exp B. Ad Hoc Hypotheses 512 13.7 Classification as Hypothesis 518 Exercises 522 Summary of Chapter 13 530 CHAPTER 14 PROBABILITY 533 14.1 Alternative Conceptions of Probability 533 A. The A Priori Theory of Probability 534 B. The Relative Frequency Theory of Probability 535 14.2 The Probability Calculus 536 14.3 Probability of Joint Occurrences 537 Exercises 541 14.4 Probability of Alternative Occurrences 543 Exercises 548 Challenge to the Reader 549 14.5 Expected Value 549 Exercises 556 Challenge to the Reader 558 Summary of Chapter 14 558 Solutions to Selected Exercises 560 Special Symbols 621 Glossary/Index 623
650			_a1.Logic - Reasoning
700			_aCohen Carl _a
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