000			05531nam a2200217Ia 4500
999			_c37891 _d37891
003			OSt
005			20210421105516.0
008			160316s1996 xxu||||| |||| 00| 0 eng d
020			_a9781859410493
040			_cn
082			_a346.030000 _bSTE
100			_aStephenson Graham
245			_aSource book on torts
260			_aLondon _bCavendish Publishing Ltd. _c1996
300			_a468p _cxxxv
365			_b Gratis
505			_aCONTENTS Preface v Table of Cases xv Table of Statutes xxxv 1 INTRODUCTION 1 TORT AND OTHER TYPES OF LIABILITY 2 FUNCTIONS OF TORT LAW 5 Appeasement and vindication of rights 6 Justice 6 Deterrence 7 Public forum function 8 Compensation function 9 HUMAN RIGHTS 11 CONCLUSION 11 2 DUTY OF CARE 13 INTRODUCTION 13 THE ELEMENTS OF NEGLIGENCE 13 DUTY OF CARE 15 Pre-1932 16 Post-Donoghue 23 Post-Anns 25 Post-Caparo 31 HUMAN RIGHTS 32 SPECIFIC AREAS OF DIFFICULTY 39 Omissions 40 IMMUNITY BASED ON THE DEFENDANT’S STATUS. 53 Police 53 Other emergency services. 58 Public authorities 67 3 BREACH OF DUTY 91 INTRODUCTION 91 STANDARD OF CARE 92 FACTORS TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT 96 Magnitude of the risk 97 Seriousness of the harm 103 Cost and practicality of precautions 104 Sourcebook on Torts x Social utility of the defendant’s activity 106 Special standards 107 Professional persons 107 Common practice 114 Children 125 Sporting competition 128 Proof of breach 132 4 CAUSATION AND REMOTENESS OF DAMAGE 137 INTRODUCTION 137 CAUSATION IN FACT 137 The extent of the harm 143 Successive causes 146 Multiple causes 155 Proof of causation 155 Lost chance 164 REMOTENESS OF DAMAGE 166 Type of harm 169 Manner of occurrence 170 Extent of the harm 173 Egg-shell skull rule 174 Claimant’s economic state 175 Intervening events 176 Intervening natural events 177 Intervening negligent acts by third parties 177 Deliberate intervention by third parties 180 Act of the claimant 187 5 LIABILITY FOR PSYCHIATRIC INJURY 191 INTRODUCTION 191 PRIMARY VICTIMS 192 SECONDARY VICTIMS 196 6 LIABILITY FOR ECONOMIC LOSS 259 PURE ECONOMIC LOSS 260 GENERAL RULE AGAINST RECOVERY 278 The notable exception 280 RELIANCE 305 OTHER EXCEPTIONAL CASES 309 CONCLUSION 328 Contents xi 7 OCCUPIER’S LIABILITY 329 INTRODUCTION 329 LIABILITY TO LAWFUL VISITORS 330 Who is an occupier? 331 Who is a lawful visitor? 336 THE COMMON DUTY OF CARE 338 Variations in the standard of care 341 Warning notices 348 Liability for independent contractors 349 Limitations on the extent of the duty 354 Restriction or exclusion of liability 357 Liability to trespassers 358 8 PRODUCT LIABILITY 363 INTRODUCTION 364 COMMON LAW 364 Who owes the duty? 364 To whom is the duty owed? 367 STANDARD OF CARE 368 CAUSATION/REMOTENESS 372 STRICT LIABILITY 373 COMMENTARY 386 Products covered 386 Producer 387 Actionable damage 387 Defect 388 Defences 388 9 STRICT LIABILITY 393 INTRODUCTION 393 LIABILITY FOR ESCAPES OF THINGS 393 Non-natural use 396 Escape 398 Status of the claimant 399 Defences 401 Remoteness of damage 402 LIABILITY FOR FIRE 405 Fire under Rylands v Fletcher 406 Negligence 409 Nuisance 411 Sourcebook on Torts xii LIABILITY FOR ANIMALS 413 Common law 413 Animals Act 1971 414 COMMENTARY 419 Defences 425 10 NUISANCE 429 INTRODUCTION 429 DISTINCTION BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE NUISANCE 430 PRIVATE NUISANCE 437 Interests protected 437 Conduct covered 441 Activity or conduct must be unreasonable 441 Negligence a factor? 441 Continuing or isolated escape? 448 Substantial harm 449 Locality 450 Social utility 451 Claimant’s hypersensitivity 452 Duration, frequency and intensity 453 Motive 453 Who can be sued? 454 Remoteness of damage 456 Types of damage recoverable 459 Defences 459 REMEDIES FOR NUISANCE 462 11 TRESPASS TO THE PERSON 469 INTRODUCTION 469 DIRECT HARM 470 Nature of liability in trespass to the person 472 Hostility 477 Assault and battery 481 Intentionally caused harm outside trespass 486 DEFENCES TO ASSAULT AND BATTERY 487 Self-defence 488 Provocation 488 Contributory negligence 489 Ex turpi causa and volenti 490 Consent 492 FALSE IMPRISONMENT 494 Contents xiii 12 DEFAMATION 501 INTRODUCTION 501 WHO CAN SUE? 502 THE MEANING OF DEFAMATORY 503 DEFAMATORY OF THE CLAIMANT 507 PUBLICATION 509 Difference between libel and slander 510 DEFENCES 512 Responsibility for publication 512 Offer to make amends 513 Justification 516 Absolute privilege 516 Qualified privilege at common law 518 Statutory qualified privilege 536 Fair comment 541 MALICE 542 DAMAGES 543 13 DEFENCES 549 INTRODUCTION 549 VOLENTI NON FIT INJURIA 549 CONTRIBUTORY NEGLIGENCE 557 14 VICARIOUS LIABILITY 565 INTRODUCTION 565 TEST FOR DECIDING WHO IS AN EMPLOYEE 566 COURSE OF EMPLOYMENT 572 Time 572 Place 573 What was the employee employed to do? 574 Benefit of employer 575 Express prohibitions by employer 577 LENDING OF VEHICLES 579 15 ASSESSMENT OF DAMAGES 581 INTRODUCTION 581 GENERAL AND SPECIAL DAMAGES 582 AGGRAVATED AND EXEMPLARY DAMAGES 583 LUMP SUM 589 Pecuniary and non-pecuniary losses 592 Sourcebook on Torts xiv Medical expenses 593 Loss of earnings 595 THE LOST YEARS 610 DEDUCTIONS FROM DAMAGES 612 Comment 616 Collateral benefits 617 Loss of earning capacity 618 Pain and suffering 619 Loss of amenity 620 DAMAGES ON DEATH 621 CONCLUSION 627 Index 629
650			_a1. Tort Law
700			_a _a
942			_2ddc _cBK