Internet of things : Legal perspectives

Contents:
Preface-III
Bibliography- XIII
Materials- XXIII
Abbreviations-XXV
I. Introduction-1
A. Internet of Things: Notion-1
B. Technicity of the Internet of Things-2
1. Technical Elements-2
1.1 Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID)-2
a) RFID in General-2
b) Global RFID Interoperability Forum for Standards (GRIFS)-4
1.2 Electronic Product Code (EPC)-5
1.3 Object Naming Service (ONS)-6
a) ONS in General-6
b) ONS and DNS Heritage-6
c) Introduction of Multiple DNS Classes-8
1.4 EPC Discovery Service-9
1.5 Graphic Overview-9
2. Decentralized and Interoperable Internet of Things-10
2.1 Introduction-10
2.2 Replicated Multipolar ONS-11
2.3 Regional Multipolar ONS-11
2.4 Referral Systems-12
2.5 Assessment of the Various Approaches-13
3. Object-Information Distribution Architecture-14
4. Other Developments Influencing the Internet of Things-15
4.1 Service Oriented Architecture-15
4.2 Collaborative Decision Making (CDM)-16
4.3 Cloud Computing-16
5. Assessment-17
C. Economic Environment of the Internet of Things-18
1. Merits of Free Trade-18
2. Effects of the Internet of Things on Competition-20
II. General Approaches for a Legal Framework-23
A. Introduction-23
B. Self-Regulation-23
1. Background-23
2. Self-regulation as Soft Law-24
3. Self-regulation as a Social Control Model-24
4. Strengths of Self-regulation-25
5. Weaknesses of Self-regulation-26
6. Outlook-26
C. International Legal Framework-27
1. Global Legislator-27
1.1 Newly Established Body as International Legislator-27
a) “Transgovernmental Networks”-27
b) Proposal for a New International Legislator-29
1.2 Existing Body as International Legislator-30
a) WTO-30
b) OECD-31
1.3 Outlook-33
2. Regional Legislator-33
2.1 EU Staff Papers and Replies-34
2.2 EU Communications-37
3. Substantive International Principles-37
3.1 General Guidelines-37
3.2 Objectives of EU Legislation-39
III. Security and Privacy-41
A. Definitions-41
1. Notion of Security-41
2. Notion of Privacy-41
3. Relation between Security and Privacy-43
B. Security and Privacy Needs-44
1. Threats to Security and Privacy-44
2. Requirements to Ensure Security and Privacy- 45
C. Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PET)-47
1. General Aspects-47
2. Specific Technical Measures-48
2.1 Virtual Private Networks (VPN)-48
2.2 Transport Layer Security (TLS)-48
2.3 DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC)-48
2.4 Onion Routing-49
2.5 Private Information Retrieval (PIR)-49
2.6 Peer-to-Peer Systems (P2P)-50
2.7 Switching off of RFID Tags-50
2.8 Concluding Overview-51
D. Legal Challenges for a Privacy Framework-52
1. Privacy in the Fundamental Rights’ System-52
1.1 Privacy as a Human Right-52
1.2 Scope of Human Rights Application-53
2. Legally Relevant Environment-56
3. Existing Regulations-59
4. Legal Categories and Scenarios-60
4.1 Overview-60
4.2 Specific Implementation-61
5. Evaluation of the European Legislative Approach-62
E. Responsibility for Violations of Privacy- 64
1. Liability Issues-64
2. Education of Civil Society-65
F. Outlook-67
IV. Governance of the Internet of Things-69
A. Establishment of a Governing Structure-69
1. Notion-69
2. Bodies Subject to Governing Principles-70
2.1 Global Legislator-70
2.2 EPCglobal-70
2.3 Internet Corporation of Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)-71
2.4 International Telecommunication Union-72
B. Legitimacy and Inclusion of Stakeholders-73
C. Transparency-75
1. Principles of Transparency-75
2. Transparency as a Fundamental Right-78
3. Transparency in the IoT-79
D. Accountability-80
1. Notion of Accountability-80
2. Accountability and Markets-81
3. Accountability Elements-82
3.1 Organizational Level Aspects-82
3.2 Project Level Aspects-83
3.3 Policy Level Aspects-83
4. Accountability in the IoT-83
5. Increase of Accountability-85
5.1 Consultation and Inclusion of Users-85
5.2 Intergovernmental Supervision-86
E. Allocation of Critical Resources-87
1. Meeting Infrastructure Requirements-87
1.1 Robustness-87
1.2 Availability-88
1.3 Reliability-89
1.4 Interoperability-
91 2. Providing for Access to Infrastructure-92
3. Overcoming Non-technical Barriers-
94 3.1 Language Barriers- 95
3.2 Legal Barriers- 97
a) Regulation of Radio Frequency-97
b) Health Impacts of the Internet of Things-98
V. Internet of Things as Tool of Global Welfare-101
A. Bridging the Digital Divide-101
1. Introduction-101
2. Importance of the Digital Divide in the IoT-102
3. Financing Strategies-105
3.1 Financing Needs and Mechanisms-105
3.2 Legal Framework of Financial Strategies-108
4. Outlook-109
B. Implementing Search Engines-110
1. Need for Search Engines-110
2. Search Engines in the Internet-112
2.1 Functioning of Search Engines-112
2.2 Financing of Search Engines-113
2.3 Liability of Search Engines-114
3. Position of Search Engines in the Market Place- 115
4. Fair Competition-116
C. Combating Product Counterfeiting-117
D. Tackling Environmental Concerns-118
1. Sustainable Environment Policies-118
2. Energy Consumption-119
3. Waste Management-121
E. Improving Health Conditions-122
F. Securing Food Supply-123
G. Monitoring Compliance with Labor Standards-124
VI. Concluding Observations-127