Library Catalogue
Green Ships and Cleaner Ports: An Integrated Approach
P V Sasi Kumar
Green Ships and Cleaner Ports: An Integrated Approach - Bangalore NLSIU 2009 - 295p
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Certificate;
Declaration;
Acknowledgements;
List of Tables;
List of Figures;
Table of Cases;
Abbreviations;
Glossary;
CHAPTER -l-INTRODUCTION;
1.0 Introduction;
1.1 Sources and Effects of Ship source Pollution in Ports;
1.2 Main Reasons for the Ship Pollution;
1.3 Statement of the Problem;
1.4 Objectives of the study;
1.5 Scope of the study;
1.6 Limitations of the study;
1.7 Significance of the study;
1.8 Hypothesis;
1.9 Research Questions;
1.9 Review of Literature;
1.10 Methodology;
1.11 Scheme of the study;
PART-I TECHINICAL STANDARDS TO PREVENT SHIP SOURCE POLLUTION;
CHAPTER -2 - TECHNICAL MEASURES TO PREVENT SIDP-SOURCE POLLUTION;
2.1 Requirements of the Classification Society for the design and construction of ships:
2.1.1 Main class symbol, construction marks, and other service Notations;
2.1.2 Procedure to be followed during construction of a ship to make it sea worthy and pollution free;
2.1.3 Use of materials, machinery, appliances and items;
2.1.4 Initial surveys and issue of Mandatory Class and Statutory certificates;
2.1.5 Measures taken for the Maintenance of Ships;
2.1.6 Periodical surveys;
2.1.7 Class Renewal surveys;
2.1.8 Annual surveys;
2.1.9 Intermediate surveys;
2.1.10 Bottom survey;
2.1.11 Thickness measurements;
2.2 National Requirements;
2.2.1 Merchant Shipping Act- 1958;
2.2.2 Merchant Shipping (Construction and Survey of Passenger Ships)Rules, 1984;
2.2.3 The Merchant Shipping (Cargo Ship Construction and Survey) Rules, 1991;
2.3 Requirements of International Association of Classification Societies (lACS);
2.4 MARPOL 73/78 Requirements;
2.4.1 1978 Protocol of MARPOL 73/78;
2.4.2 The 1984 amendments to MARPOL 73/78;
2.4.3 The 1992 Amendments to MARPOL 73/78;
2.4.4 Accelerated phase-out for single-hull tankers;
2.5 Oil Pollution Act-1990 (OPA 1990);
2.6 European Community (EC) Requirements;
2.7 European Communities (Minimum requirements for vessels carrying dangerous or polluting goods) (Amendment) Regulations, 1998;
2.8 The International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (IBC Code);
2.8.1 Ship survival capability and location of cargo tanks;
2.8.2 Shipside discharges below the freeboard deck;
2.8.3 Ship arrangements - Cargo segregation;
2.8.4 Ship's cargo hoses;
2.8.5 Materials of construction, protective linings and coatings;
2.8.6 Cargo tank gas-freeing;
2.8.7 Vapour detection;
2.8.8 Overflow control;
2.8.9 Operational requirements-Maximum allowable quantity of cargo per tank;
2.8.10 Personnel training;
2.9 International Gas Carrier Code (IGC Code) for the gas carrier ships;
2.9.1 Ship survival capability and location of cargo tanks;
2.9.2 Ship arrangements - Segregation of the cargo area;
2.9.3 Materials;
2.10 SOLAS-1974-Structural, mechanical and electrical requirements for ships;
2.10.1 New installation of materials containing asbestos;
2.10.2 Double bottoms in passenger ships;
2.10.3 Double bottoms in cargo ships other than tankers;
2.11 IMO Requirements for Equipment’s to prevent pollution;
2.12 Recent Improvements made by Classification Society to Prevent Pollution from Ships- Assigning special notations;
2.12.1 Additional Design Requirements for ships assigned with CLEAN SEA Notation;
2.12.2 Systems requirements;
2.13 Additional Design Requirements for ships assigned with 'GREEN STAR 3' Notation;
2.13.1 Inspections and testing during construction and surveys;
2.14 Standards/ Specifications for Shipboard Incinerators;
2.15 Manning of Ships;
2.16 Green ship Technologies To Prevent/Control pollution;
2.17 Analysis and Summary;
PART-II VESSEL SOURCE POLLUTION AND THE LEGAL ORDER;
CHAPTER -3 -LEGAL REGIME AND DISCHARGE STANDARDS TO PREVENT POLLUTION FROM SHIPS;
3.1 Merchant Shipping Act- 1958;
3.2 Merchant Shipping Act- 2002 Amendments;
3.3 The Merchant Shipping (Amendment) Act, 2003;
3.4 The Merchant shipping (Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil) Ru1es, 1974;
3.4.1 Oil Records in respect of tankers;
3.5 Indian Coast Guard Act, 1978;
3.6 Indian Ports Act, 1908;
3.7 The Major Port Trusts Act, 1963 and its Amendments;
3.8 Regulations of State Maritime Boards;
3.9 Gujarat Maritime Board (GMB);
3.10 The Directions of the Supreme Court on Ship Breaking;
3.11 Marine Zone Act, 1976;
3.12 Indian Legislation on Pollution- Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs);
3.13 Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil, 1954 (OILPOL, 1954);
3.14 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL-1973) ;
3.14.1 Annexes II to V of MARPOL 73;
3.14.2 1978 Conference on Tanker Safety and Pollution Prevention;
3.14.3 Amendments to MARPOL-73/78;
3.14.4 2001 Amendments to MARPOL 73/78 - Accelerated phasing out of single hull tankers followed by Erika incident;
3.14.5 The Prestige and 2003 Amendments
3.14.6 Condition Assessment Scheme (CAS);
3.14.7 Carriage of heavy grade oil;
3.14.8 Revised Annex II to MARPOL 73/78;
3.14.9 Annex III to MARPOL 73/78;
3.14.10 Annex- IV to MARPOL 73/78- Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from Ships;
3.14.10.1 Revised sewage standards;
3.14.11 Annex-V to MARPOL 73/78 - Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships;
3.14.12 Annex-VI MARPOL 73/78 - Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships;
3.14.12.1 Sulphur monitoring;
3.14.13 Analysis ;
3.15 Additional operational /discharge standards to be complied with onboard ships with special notations for the prevention of pollution from ships- recent developments;
3.15.1 Prevention of sea pollution by oil and noxious liquid substances, Annex-I and II of MARPOL 73/78;
3.15.2 Prevention of sea pollution by harmful substances carried by sea in packaged form, Annex-III;
3.15.3 Prevention of sea pollution by sewage, Annex-IV;
3.15.4 Prevention of sea pollution by garbage, Annex –V;
3.15.5 Transfer of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens through ballast water ;
3.15.6 Antifouling system;
3.15.7 Release of grey water 3.16 Means To Prevent Air Pollution- CLEAN AIR Notation;
3.16.1 Emission of oxides of nitrogen (NOx);
3.16.2 Substances not permitted to be incinerated;
3.16.3 International effluent standards for sewage treatment plants;
3.16.4 Faecal coliform standard 3.16.5 Biochemical oxygen demand;
3.16.6 Emission standard for shipboard incinerators with capacity of up to 1500 kW - Type Approval Certificate;
3.16.7 Passenger/cruise ships with incinerator installations having a total capacity of more than 1500 kW;
3.17 Discharge standards prescribed for ships having notation "Green Star 3 design";
3.17.1 Procedures and checks;
3.17.2 Sewage;
3.17.3 Garbage;
3.17.4 Waste recycling;
3.17.5 Other sources;
3.17.6 Antifouling system;
3.17.7 Grey water;
3.17.8 Ship recycling;
3.17.9 Prevention of air pollution;
3.17.10 Ozone depleting substances;
3.17.11 Emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx);
3.17.12 Oxides of sulphur (SOx) emissions - Fuel oil management procedures;
3.17.13 Incinerators;
3.17.14 Ship Environmental Manager;
3.17.15 Ship Environmental Management Plan;
3.18 International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships, 2001;
3.19 International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships';
Ballast Water and Sediments, 2004 ;
3.20 STCW Convention, 1995;
3.21 ISM Code ;
3.22 EC Directive 2005/35;
3.22.1 Sanctions;
3.23 Case laws related to vessel source pollution;
3.24 Summary;
CHAPTER -4 - JURISDICTION OVER SHIP-SOURCE POLLUTION;
4.0 Forms of Jurisdiction;
4.1 Flag State Jurisdiction;
4.2 Jurisdiction of the Coastal State;
4.3 Jurisdiction of the Port State;
4.4 Jurisdiction over Ship Source Pollution: Indian related cases;
4.5 Analysis on jurisdiction regime;
CHAPTER -5 - IMPLEMENTATION AND COPLIANCE;
5.0 Enforcement obligations of the states;
5.1 Pollution control standards and state enforcement records;
5.2 State enforcement of pollution control standards ;
5.3 Reports of various Regional MOUs of the Port State Control Inspections;
5.4 MOUs around the world ;
5.5 Analysis of reports of Classification societies;
5.6 National Compliance on MARPOL regulations;
5.7 The Provision of Waste Reception Facilities in Ports;
5.8 Status of Reception Facilities in Indian Ports;
5.9 Reporting on the provision of reception facilities;
5.10 Obligation on state parties to report on enforcement action;
5.11 Analysis and Summary;
CHAPTER -6 -LIABILITY AND COMPENSATION FOR POLLUTION DAMAGE;
6.1 Merchant Shipping Act, 1958;
6.1.1 Civil Liability for Oil Pollution damage;
6.2 Merchant Shipping (Amendment) Act, 2002;
6.3 The Merchant Shipping (Amendment) Act, 2003;
6.4 Marine Insurance Act, 1963;
6.4.1 The protection of the ship owner;
6.4.2 Protection and Indemnity;
6.4.3 Maritime Employers Liability coverage;
6.4.4 The Comprehensive General Liability Coverage;
6.4.5 Warranty of sea worthiness of ship;
6.4.6 Warranty of legality;
6.4.7 Included and excluded losses;
6.4.8 Liabilities to third parties;
6.5 International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1969;
6.6 International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund 1971(1971 Fund Convention);
6.6.1 The Protocol of 1976;
6.6.2 The Protocol of 1984;
6.6.3 The Protocol of 1992;
6.6.4 Amendments, 2000;
6.7 The International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund, 1992;
6.8 International Oil Pollution Compensation Supplementary Fund;
6.9 Oil spill compensation in countries which have not ratified the International Conventions; 6.9.1 Liability and Compensation in United States – Oil Pollution Act, 1990;
6.10 International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious substances by Sea (HNS Convention), 1996;
6.11 International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage, 2001;
6.12 Criminal Liability for vessel source pollution;
6.13 The Relationship between Criminal Liability and Civil Liability;
6.14 Case laws related to criminal liability imposed on the officers of the ship and on the owner: 6.15 Analysis of the Liability and Compensation regimes;
CHAPTER-7 - ANALYSIS ON SHIP-SOURCE POLLUTION IN PORTS OF INDIA AND ABROAD - CASE STUDIES;
7.1 Data Collection and Analysis;
7.2 Oil Pollution Spills allover the world during the period 1970-2006(Part-l) - A Case Study;
7.3 Incidence of Oil Pollution by cause for the period 1974-2006;
7.4 Comparison of Pollution Incidents in Indian ports and in ports abroad (Part-2)- A Case Study;
7.4.1 Oil Spills in Indian Waters (since 1982);
7.5 Pollution Incidents in ports abroad;
7.5.1 Oil Pollution Statistics in Australia for the period 1992-2004;
7.5.2 Oil Pollution Statistics in Baltic Sea ports -1990-2003;
7.5.3 Major Oil Spills in European Waters -1967- 2002;
7.5.4 Oil pollution Statistics in US waters for the period 1973-2004;
7.5.5 Marine pollution in ports of Canada;
7.5.6 Pollution in U.K Ports;
7.5.7 Pollution in Mediterranean Ports;
7.5.8 Marine Pollution in Chittagong port area;
7.5.9 Chemical Pollution Statistics;
7.5.10 Chemical Spills in Australia for the period 1994-2006;
7.5.11 Chemical spills in US Waters for the period 2000-2004;
7.6 Pollution Incidents related to Annex-III to V;
7.7 Annex-VI ofMARPOL 73/78 -Air Pollution from ships;
7.8 Worldwide Review of Marine Oil Spill Fines and Penalties (Part-3) -A Case Study:
7.9 International Summary of Marine Oil Spill Fines and Penalties;
7.10 Pollution violations and penalties imposed in Indian Ports- 2003-2006;
7.11 Discharges from ships at different ports- Criminal Prosecutions (Part-4)- Case study;
7.12 Summary and analysis of the case studies;
PART-III CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS;
CHAPTER -8- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS;
8.1 Introduction;
8.2 Summary of Findings;
8.3 Findings of the Study- at international level;
8.4 Findings of the Study- at national level;
8.5 Conclusions;
8.6 Suggestions for improvement globally;
8.7 Suggestions for improvement at national level;
TABLE OF ACTS /RULES /CONVENTIONS /CODES /DIRECTIVES;
BIBLIOGRAPHY;
ANNEXURE -A
ANNEXURE-B.
Pollution Damage - Liability & Compensation Ship-Source Pollution - Technical Standards Vessel Source Pollution
Green Ships and Cleaner Ports: An Integrated Approach - Bangalore NLSIU 2009 - 295p
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Certificate;
Declaration;
Acknowledgements;
List of Tables;
List of Figures;
Table of Cases;
Abbreviations;
Glossary;
CHAPTER -l-INTRODUCTION;
1.0 Introduction;
1.1 Sources and Effects of Ship source Pollution in Ports;
1.2 Main Reasons for the Ship Pollution;
1.3 Statement of the Problem;
1.4 Objectives of the study;
1.5 Scope of the study;
1.6 Limitations of the study;
1.7 Significance of the study;
1.8 Hypothesis;
1.9 Research Questions;
1.9 Review of Literature;
1.10 Methodology;
1.11 Scheme of the study;
PART-I TECHINICAL STANDARDS TO PREVENT SHIP SOURCE POLLUTION;
CHAPTER -2 - TECHNICAL MEASURES TO PREVENT SIDP-SOURCE POLLUTION;
2.1 Requirements of the Classification Society for the design and construction of ships:
2.1.1 Main class symbol, construction marks, and other service Notations;
2.1.2 Procedure to be followed during construction of a ship to make it sea worthy and pollution free;
2.1.3 Use of materials, machinery, appliances and items;
2.1.4 Initial surveys and issue of Mandatory Class and Statutory certificates;
2.1.5 Measures taken for the Maintenance of Ships;
2.1.6 Periodical surveys;
2.1.7 Class Renewal surveys;
2.1.8 Annual surveys;
2.1.9 Intermediate surveys;
2.1.10 Bottom survey;
2.1.11 Thickness measurements;
2.2 National Requirements;
2.2.1 Merchant Shipping Act- 1958;
2.2.2 Merchant Shipping (Construction and Survey of Passenger Ships)Rules, 1984;
2.2.3 The Merchant Shipping (Cargo Ship Construction and Survey) Rules, 1991;
2.3 Requirements of International Association of Classification Societies (lACS);
2.4 MARPOL 73/78 Requirements;
2.4.1 1978 Protocol of MARPOL 73/78;
2.4.2 The 1984 amendments to MARPOL 73/78;
2.4.3 The 1992 Amendments to MARPOL 73/78;
2.4.4 Accelerated phase-out for single-hull tankers;
2.5 Oil Pollution Act-1990 (OPA 1990);
2.6 European Community (EC) Requirements;
2.7 European Communities (Minimum requirements for vessels carrying dangerous or polluting goods) (Amendment) Regulations, 1998;
2.8 The International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (IBC Code);
2.8.1 Ship survival capability and location of cargo tanks;
2.8.2 Shipside discharges below the freeboard deck;
2.8.3 Ship arrangements - Cargo segregation;
2.8.4 Ship's cargo hoses;
2.8.5 Materials of construction, protective linings and coatings;
2.8.6 Cargo tank gas-freeing;
2.8.7 Vapour detection;
2.8.8 Overflow control;
2.8.9 Operational requirements-Maximum allowable quantity of cargo per tank;
2.8.10 Personnel training;
2.9 International Gas Carrier Code (IGC Code) for the gas carrier ships;
2.9.1 Ship survival capability and location of cargo tanks;
2.9.2 Ship arrangements - Segregation of the cargo area;
2.9.3 Materials;
2.10 SOLAS-1974-Structural, mechanical and electrical requirements for ships;
2.10.1 New installation of materials containing asbestos;
2.10.2 Double bottoms in passenger ships;
2.10.3 Double bottoms in cargo ships other than tankers;
2.11 IMO Requirements for Equipment’s to prevent pollution;
2.12 Recent Improvements made by Classification Society to Prevent Pollution from Ships- Assigning special notations;
2.12.1 Additional Design Requirements for ships assigned with CLEAN SEA Notation;
2.12.2 Systems requirements;
2.13 Additional Design Requirements for ships assigned with 'GREEN STAR 3' Notation;
2.13.1 Inspections and testing during construction and surveys;
2.14 Standards/ Specifications for Shipboard Incinerators;
2.15 Manning of Ships;
2.16 Green ship Technologies To Prevent/Control pollution;
2.17 Analysis and Summary;
PART-II VESSEL SOURCE POLLUTION AND THE LEGAL ORDER;
CHAPTER -3 -LEGAL REGIME AND DISCHARGE STANDARDS TO PREVENT POLLUTION FROM SHIPS;
3.1 Merchant Shipping Act- 1958;
3.2 Merchant Shipping Act- 2002 Amendments;
3.3 The Merchant Shipping (Amendment) Act, 2003;
3.4 The Merchant shipping (Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil) Ru1es, 1974;
3.4.1 Oil Records in respect of tankers;
3.5 Indian Coast Guard Act, 1978;
3.6 Indian Ports Act, 1908;
3.7 The Major Port Trusts Act, 1963 and its Amendments;
3.8 Regulations of State Maritime Boards;
3.9 Gujarat Maritime Board (GMB);
3.10 The Directions of the Supreme Court on Ship Breaking;
3.11 Marine Zone Act, 1976;
3.12 Indian Legislation on Pollution- Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs);
3.13 Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil, 1954 (OILPOL, 1954);
3.14 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL-1973) ;
3.14.1 Annexes II to V of MARPOL 73;
3.14.2 1978 Conference on Tanker Safety and Pollution Prevention;
3.14.3 Amendments to MARPOL-73/78;
3.14.4 2001 Amendments to MARPOL 73/78 - Accelerated phasing out of single hull tankers followed by Erika incident;
3.14.5 The Prestige and 2003 Amendments
3.14.6 Condition Assessment Scheme (CAS);
3.14.7 Carriage of heavy grade oil;
3.14.8 Revised Annex II to MARPOL 73/78;
3.14.9 Annex III to MARPOL 73/78;
3.14.10 Annex- IV to MARPOL 73/78- Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from Ships;
3.14.10.1 Revised sewage standards;
3.14.11 Annex-V to MARPOL 73/78 - Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships;
3.14.12 Annex-VI MARPOL 73/78 - Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships;
3.14.12.1 Sulphur monitoring;
3.14.13 Analysis ;
3.15 Additional operational /discharge standards to be complied with onboard ships with special notations for the prevention of pollution from ships- recent developments;
3.15.1 Prevention of sea pollution by oil and noxious liquid substances, Annex-I and II of MARPOL 73/78;
3.15.2 Prevention of sea pollution by harmful substances carried by sea in packaged form, Annex-III;
3.15.3 Prevention of sea pollution by sewage, Annex-IV;
3.15.4 Prevention of sea pollution by garbage, Annex –V;
3.15.5 Transfer of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens through ballast water ;
3.15.6 Antifouling system;
3.15.7 Release of grey water 3.16 Means To Prevent Air Pollution- CLEAN AIR Notation;
3.16.1 Emission of oxides of nitrogen (NOx);
3.16.2 Substances not permitted to be incinerated;
3.16.3 International effluent standards for sewage treatment plants;
3.16.4 Faecal coliform standard 3.16.5 Biochemical oxygen demand;
3.16.6 Emission standard for shipboard incinerators with capacity of up to 1500 kW - Type Approval Certificate;
3.16.7 Passenger/cruise ships with incinerator installations having a total capacity of more than 1500 kW;
3.17 Discharge standards prescribed for ships having notation "Green Star 3 design";
3.17.1 Procedures and checks;
3.17.2 Sewage;
3.17.3 Garbage;
3.17.4 Waste recycling;
3.17.5 Other sources;
3.17.6 Antifouling system;
3.17.7 Grey water;
3.17.8 Ship recycling;
3.17.9 Prevention of air pollution;
3.17.10 Ozone depleting substances;
3.17.11 Emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx);
3.17.12 Oxides of sulphur (SOx) emissions - Fuel oil management procedures;
3.17.13 Incinerators;
3.17.14 Ship Environmental Manager;
3.17.15 Ship Environmental Management Plan;
3.18 International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships, 2001;
3.19 International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships';
Ballast Water and Sediments, 2004 ;
3.20 STCW Convention, 1995;
3.21 ISM Code ;
3.22 EC Directive 2005/35;
3.22.1 Sanctions;
3.23 Case laws related to vessel source pollution;
3.24 Summary;
CHAPTER -4 - JURISDICTION OVER SHIP-SOURCE POLLUTION;
4.0 Forms of Jurisdiction;
4.1 Flag State Jurisdiction;
4.2 Jurisdiction of the Coastal State;
4.3 Jurisdiction of the Port State;
4.4 Jurisdiction over Ship Source Pollution: Indian related cases;
4.5 Analysis on jurisdiction regime;
CHAPTER -5 - IMPLEMENTATION AND COPLIANCE;
5.0 Enforcement obligations of the states;
5.1 Pollution control standards and state enforcement records;
5.2 State enforcement of pollution control standards ;
5.3 Reports of various Regional MOUs of the Port State Control Inspections;
5.4 MOUs around the world ;
5.5 Analysis of reports of Classification societies;
5.6 National Compliance on MARPOL regulations;
5.7 The Provision of Waste Reception Facilities in Ports;
5.8 Status of Reception Facilities in Indian Ports;
5.9 Reporting on the provision of reception facilities;
5.10 Obligation on state parties to report on enforcement action;
5.11 Analysis and Summary;
CHAPTER -6 -LIABILITY AND COMPENSATION FOR POLLUTION DAMAGE;
6.1 Merchant Shipping Act, 1958;
6.1.1 Civil Liability for Oil Pollution damage;
6.2 Merchant Shipping (Amendment) Act, 2002;
6.3 The Merchant Shipping (Amendment) Act, 2003;
6.4 Marine Insurance Act, 1963;
6.4.1 The protection of the ship owner;
6.4.2 Protection and Indemnity;
6.4.3 Maritime Employers Liability coverage;
6.4.4 The Comprehensive General Liability Coverage;
6.4.5 Warranty of sea worthiness of ship;
6.4.6 Warranty of legality;
6.4.7 Included and excluded losses;
6.4.8 Liabilities to third parties;
6.5 International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1969;
6.6 International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund 1971(1971 Fund Convention);
6.6.1 The Protocol of 1976;
6.6.2 The Protocol of 1984;
6.6.3 The Protocol of 1992;
6.6.4 Amendments, 2000;
6.7 The International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund, 1992;
6.8 International Oil Pollution Compensation Supplementary Fund;
6.9 Oil spill compensation in countries which have not ratified the International Conventions; 6.9.1 Liability and Compensation in United States – Oil Pollution Act, 1990;
6.10 International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious substances by Sea (HNS Convention), 1996;
6.11 International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage, 2001;
6.12 Criminal Liability for vessel source pollution;
6.13 The Relationship between Criminal Liability and Civil Liability;
6.14 Case laws related to criminal liability imposed on the officers of the ship and on the owner: 6.15 Analysis of the Liability and Compensation regimes;
CHAPTER-7 - ANALYSIS ON SHIP-SOURCE POLLUTION IN PORTS OF INDIA AND ABROAD - CASE STUDIES;
7.1 Data Collection and Analysis;
7.2 Oil Pollution Spills allover the world during the period 1970-2006(Part-l) - A Case Study;
7.3 Incidence of Oil Pollution by cause for the period 1974-2006;
7.4 Comparison of Pollution Incidents in Indian ports and in ports abroad (Part-2)- A Case Study;
7.4.1 Oil Spills in Indian Waters (since 1982);
7.5 Pollution Incidents in ports abroad;
7.5.1 Oil Pollution Statistics in Australia for the period 1992-2004;
7.5.2 Oil Pollution Statistics in Baltic Sea ports -1990-2003;
7.5.3 Major Oil Spills in European Waters -1967- 2002;
7.5.4 Oil pollution Statistics in US waters for the period 1973-2004;
7.5.5 Marine pollution in ports of Canada;
7.5.6 Pollution in U.K Ports;
7.5.7 Pollution in Mediterranean Ports;
7.5.8 Marine Pollution in Chittagong port area;
7.5.9 Chemical Pollution Statistics;
7.5.10 Chemical Spills in Australia for the period 1994-2006;
7.5.11 Chemical spills in US Waters for the period 2000-2004;
7.6 Pollution Incidents related to Annex-III to V;
7.7 Annex-VI ofMARPOL 73/78 -Air Pollution from ships;
7.8 Worldwide Review of Marine Oil Spill Fines and Penalties (Part-3) -A Case Study:
7.9 International Summary of Marine Oil Spill Fines and Penalties;
7.10 Pollution violations and penalties imposed in Indian Ports- 2003-2006;
7.11 Discharges from ships at different ports- Criminal Prosecutions (Part-4)- Case study;
7.12 Summary and analysis of the case studies;
PART-III CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS;
CHAPTER -8- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS;
8.1 Introduction;
8.2 Summary of Findings;
8.3 Findings of the Study- at international level;
8.4 Findings of the Study- at national level;
8.5 Conclusions;
8.6 Suggestions for improvement globally;
8.7 Suggestions for improvement at national level;
TABLE OF ACTS /RULES /CONVENTIONS /CODES /DIRECTIVES;
BIBLIOGRAPHY;
ANNEXURE -A
ANNEXURE-B.
Pollution Damage - Liability & Compensation Ship-Source Pollution - Technical Standards Vessel Source Pollution