Library Catalogue
A Critical Study of Legal Framework to Regulate Misleading Advertisements in India: With Special Reference to Food, Drug and Cosmetic
Anita Ashok Patil
A Critical Study of Legal Framework to Regulate Misleading Advertisements in India: With Special Reference to Food, Drug and Cosmetic - Bangalore NLSIU 2018 - 407p
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Abbreviations;
Glossary of Case Laws;
Table of Statutes;
Chapter I Introduction;
1.1. An Overview of the Advertising Industry in India;
1.2. Meaning of Misleading Advertisement;
1.3. Advertisements under Indian Constitution;
1.4. Review of existing Literature;
1.5. Statement of the Problem;
1.6. Scope and Object of the Present Study;
1.7. Hypothesis;
1.8. Research Questions;
1.9. Research Methodology;
1.10. Sources of data;
1.11. Style of Writing;
1.12. Mode of Citation;
1.13. Scope of Limitation;
1.14. Significance of the study;
1.15. Likely contribution of the study;
1.16. Research Design;
Chapter II Evolution & Development of Legal Regime on Advertisements and Consumer Protection in India;
2.1 Evolution of Advertisements & Consumer Protection in India 2.1.1 History of Advertising in India;
2.1.2 Purpose & Importance of Advertisement;
2.1.3 Evolution of Consumer Protection in India;
2.1.4 Online Advertisements;
2.1.5 Trend of Online Advertisement;
2.2 Forms of Misleading Advertisements;
2.2.1 Comparative advertising;
2.2.2 Bait Advertising;
2.2.3 Surrogate Advertisements;
2.2.4 Puffery 2.3 Indian Statutes impacting Advertisement;
2.4 Statutory Regulatory Bodies Framework to Regulate Misleading Advertisement;
2.5 Advertising Standards Council of India (ASCI);
2.5.1 Inception of the ASCI;
2.5.2 Objects of the ASCI;
2.5.3 Structure of the ASCI;
2.5.4 Self-Regulation and Advertising Agencies;
2.5.5 Self-Regulation Code by the ASCI;
2.5.6 Enforcement of the Self-Regulation Code;
2.5.7 Complaint Procedure under ASCI;
2.5.7.1 How to lodge a complaint;
2.5.7.2 Processing Procedure of a complaint;
2.5.8 Effectiveness of ASCI;
2.5.9 Legal Backing for TV Advertisements;
2.5.10 Initiation of National Advertisement Monitoring Service (NAMS);
2.5.11 Grievances Against Misleading Advertisements (GAMA);
2.5.12 ASCI’s Success Story Statistics Analysis in 2016-17;
2.5.13 Suo-moto action led to 65% increase in ads under ASCI scanner;
2.5.14 Reforming the ASCI Codes;
2.5.15 ASCI Recommendations and Lacunas;
2.6 Regulatory Codes;
2.6.1 Council for Fair Business Practices (CFBP);
2.6.2 FICCI’s Norms of Business Ethics;
2.6.3 Consumer Code of Association of Indian Engineering Industry (AIEI);
2.6.4 Advertising Agencies Association of India (AAAI);
2.7 Appraisal on Regulatory Codes;
2.8 Conclusion;
Chapter III International Standards on Advertisements in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics;
3.1 Introduction;
3.2 United Nations Guidelines on Consumer Protection (UNGCP);
3.2.1 Objectives;
3.2.2 Legitimate needs;
3.2.3 Legal Status of the Guidelines;
3.2.4 Importance of UNGCP;
3.2.5 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development;
3.2.6 Revised United Nations Guidelines on Consumer Protection, 2015;
3.3 United Nations Guiding Principles on Business & Human Rights, 2011;
3.4 The International Consumer Protection and Enforcement Network (ICPEN);
3.5 Food and Agriculture Organisation of United Nations (FAO);
3.6 Agreement on Technical Barrier to Trade (TBT);
3.7 Agreement on Application of Sanitary and Phyto sanitary Measures (SPM);
3.8 Codex Alimentarius (CA);
3.9 International Standard Organisation (ISO);
3.10 World Trade Organisation (WTO);
3.11 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT);
3.12 Consumers International (CI);
3.12.1 Core Consumer Rights;
3.12.2 Take Action Initiative;
3.12.3 The Junk Food Generation – A Survey;
3.12.4 Consumers in Digital Age- A Campaign;
3.12.5 UN Guidelines & Making it up to date - A Consumers International Initiative;
3.12.6 ICPEN and Consumers International - A Critical Analysis;
3.13 Conclusion;
Chapter IV - Comparative Study on regulating Advertisements in United States of America and United Kingdom;
4.1 Introduction;
4.2 An Overview of Consumer Protection in regulating misleading advertisements in USA;
4.3 Legal Regulation of Misleading Advertising in the USA;
4.3.1 Federal Level Regulation;
4.3.2 State Level Regulation;
4.3.3 Californian Regulation;
4.3.3.1 History of the Unfair Competition Law (UCL);
4.3.3.2 Judicial Expansion;
4.3.3.3 Jus Standi and Section 17200;
4.3.3.4 An Overview of the UCL;
4.3.3.5 Elements of a false advertising claim;
4.3.3.6 Judicial Tests;
4.3.3.7 Relationship between section 17200 and other Californian Consumer Protection Statutes;
4.3.3.8 Exemptions and defenses;
4.3.3.9 Remedies available under the UCL;
4.4 Federal Trade Commission (FTC);
4.4.1 Appointment;
4.4.2 Enforcement by FTC;
4.4.3 Adjudication;
4.4.3.1 Deceptive Advertising 4.4.3.2 Corrective advertising;
4.4.3.3 Nutritional advertising;
4.4.3.4 Environmental Advertising;
4.4.5 Rule Making;
4.4.6 The Advertisement Substantiation Program;
4.4.7 Counter-Advertising;
4.4.8 Appeal and Complaint Procedure;
4.4.9 Administrative Enforcement;
4.4.9.1 Adjudication;
4.4.9.2 Administrative Trials;
4.4.9.3 Enforcing Final Commission Orders;
4.4.9.4 Rule making;
4.4.9.5 Judicial Enforcement;
4.5 Judgments adjudicated by the Regulatory Bodies;
4.6 India-US Comparison;
4.7 Position in United Kingdom;
4.7.1 A Brief Overview of Consumer Protection in the United Kingdom;
4.7.2 Statutory Regulatory Regime;
4.7.2.1 Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations, 2008 (CPR)
4.7.2.2 Business Protection from Misleading Regulations, 2008 (BPR)
4.7.2.3 Enforcement Mechanism under the CPRS & BPRS;
4.7.2.3.1 Enforcing Authorities;
4.7.2.3.2 Tools for Enforcement;
4.7.2.3.3 The Advertising Self-Regulatory System;
4.7.2.3.4 The Advertising Codes;
4.7.2.3.5 The Non-Broadcast Code;
4.7.2.3.6 The Broadcast Code;
4.7.3 The Advertising Standards Authority (ASA);
4.7.3.1 Preventive Control Measures;
4.7.3.2 Complaint Redressal Mechanism 4.7.3.3 Sanctions to Ensure Compliance;
4.7.3.4 ASA Adjudications;
4.7.4 Judgements under the CPRs and BPRs;
4.7.5 United Kingdom-India – A Comparison 4.7.6 Conclusion;
CHAPTER V Analysis of provisions of Misleading Advertisements under Food Safety and Standard Act, 2006;
5.1 Introduction;
5.2 Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954 (Repealed);
5.3 Instances of Misleading Advertisements in Food;
5.4 Need for Food Safety Standard Act, 2006?;
5.5 Analysis of provisions on Misleading Advertisements under Food Safety and Standard Act, 2006;
5.6 Judicial view on misleading advertisements under FSS Act, 2006;
5.7 Case Studies;
5.7.1 Nestle Maggi Noodles;
5.7.2 Soft Drinks and Fast Foods;
5.8 FSS Act-A Success?;
5.9 Reforming Procedures under FSS Act;
5.10 Comparison of the FSS Act vis-a-vis Legislations in US & UK;
5.11 United States of America;
5.12 United Kingdom;
5.13 Conclusion;
Chapter VI Analysis of provisions on Misleading Advertisements under Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940, Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act, 1954;
6. Introduction;
6.1 Instances of Misleading Advertisements on Pharmaceuticals;
6.2 International Framework for Misleading Advertisements in Pharmaceutical Sector;
6.3 Misleading Advertisements on Pharmaceutics in US 6.4 Historical Background, Development and Need of Drugs and Cosmetics Act;
1940 and Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act, 1954;
6.4.1 Drugs and Cosmetics (Amendment) Act, 2008;
6.4.2 Recent Instances on Misleading Cosmetic Advertisements ;
6.4.3 ‘Truth about Lipsticks’ –Toxic metals in Beauty products;
6.4.4 Legislative Framework in India;
6.4.5 The Judicial Approach in India;
6.4.6 The Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act, 1954;
6.4.7 Critical analysis of the provisions of the Acts through case laws. 6.4.8 Criticisms and Recommendations for Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940;
and Drugs and Magic Remedies Act (Objectionable Advertisements), 1954.;
6.5 Conclusion;
Chapter VII Critical Analysis of Consumer Protection Act, 1986 and Consumer Protection
Bill, 2018 with reference to misleading advertisements in India;
7.1 Introduction 7.2 Consumer Protection in India 7.3 Analysis of provisions of Consumer Protection Act, 1986 with reference to Misleading Advertisements;
7.3.1 Definitions of Consumer, Misleading & Misleading Advertisements 7.3.2 Adjudicatory Mechanisms, Common Approachable Forums & Penalty Provisions.;
7.3.3 Amending the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 & insertion of newer provisions to counter misleading advertisements;
7.4 Challenges in Consumer Protection in India;
7.4.1 NLSIU Students v. Government of Karnataka, High Court of Karnataka;
7.4.2 Report of Indian Institute of Public Administration (IIPA);
7.4.3 Report of CUTS International;
7.5 Need for an amendment to Consumer Protection Act, 1986;
7.6 Consumer Protection Bill 2018: An Overview;
7.7 Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA): Analysis of provisions;
7.8 Recommendations for Consumer Protection Bill, 2018 to regulate misleading advertisements;
7.9 Conclusion;
Chapter VIII Empirical Study on Misleading Advertisements, Consumer Awareness on Legal
& Regulatory Mechanism in India with reference to Food, Drugs and Cosmetic;
8.1 Introduction;
8.2 Methodology;
8.4 Questionnaire Method;
8.5 Interview Method;
8.6 Observation Method;
8.7 Data Collection;
8.8 Data Analysis;
8.9 Testing & Validation of Hypotheses;
8.10 Conclusion;
Chapter IX Conclusion & Recommendations;
9.1 Overall Conclusion;
9.2 Recommendations.
Consumer
Misleading Advertisements--Drugs--Food
A Critical Study of Legal Framework to Regulate Misleading Advertisements in India: With Special Reference to Food, Drug and Cosmetic - Bangalore NLSIU 2018 - 407p
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Abbreviations;
Glossary of Case Laws;
Table of Statutes;
Chapter I Introduction;
1.1. An Overview of the Advertising Industry in India;
1.2. Meaning of Misleading Advertisement;
1.3. Advertisements under Indian Constitution;
1.4. Review of existing Literature;
1.5. Statement of the Problem;
1.6. Scope and Object of the Present Study;
1.7. Hypothesis;
1.8. Research Questions;
1.9. Research Methodology;
1.10. Sources of data;
1.11. Style of Writing;
1.12. Mode of Citation;
1.13. Scope of Limitation;
1.14. Significance of the study;
1.15. Likely contribution of the study;
1.16. Research Design;
Chapter II Evolution & Development of Legal Regime on Advertisements and Consumer Protection in India;
2.1 Evolution of Advertisements & Consumer Protection in India 2.1.1 History of Advertising in India;
2.1.2 Purpose & Importance of Advertisement;
2.1.3 Evolution of Consumer Protection in India;
2.1.4 Online Advertisements;
2.1.5 Trend of Online Advertisement;
2.2 Forms of Misleading Advertisements;
2.2.1 Comparative advertising;
2.2.2 Bait Advertising;
2.2.3 Surrogate Advertisements;
2.2.4 Puffery 2.3 Indian Statutes impacting Advertisement;
2.4 Statutory Regulatory Bodies Framework to Regulate Misleading Advertisement;
2.5 Advertising Standards Council of India (ASCI);
2.5.1 Inception of the ASCI;
2.5.2 Objects of the ASCI;
2.5.3 Structure of the ASCI;
2.5.4 Self-Regulation and Advertising Agencies;
2.5.5 Self-Regulation Code by the ASCI;
2.5.6 Enforcement of the Self-Regulation Code;
2.5.7 Complaint Procedure under ASCI;
2.5.7.1 How to lodge a complaint;
2.5.7.2 Processing Procedure of a complaint;
2.5.8 Effectiveness of ASCI;
2.5.9 Legal Backing for TV Advertisements;
2.5.10 Initiation of National Advertisement Monitoring Service (NAMS);
2.5.11 Grievances Against Misleading Advertisements (GAMA);
2.5.12 ASCI’s Success Story Statistics Analysis in 2016-17;
2.5.13 Suo-moto action led to 65% increase in ads under ASCI scanner;
2.5.14 Reforming the ASCI Codes;
2.5.15 ASCI Recommendations and Lacunas;
2.6 Regulatory Codes;
2.6.1 Council for Fair Business Practices (CFBP);
2.6.2 FICCI’s Norms of Business Ethics;
2.6.3 Consumer Code of Association of Indian Engineering Industry (AIEI);
2.6.4 Advertising Agencies Association of India (AAAI);
2.7 Appraisal on Regulatory Codes;
2.8 Conclusion;
Chapter III International Standards on Advertisements in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics;
3.1 Introduction;
3.2 United Nations Guidelines on Consumer Protection (UNGCP);
3.2.1 Objectives;
3.2.2 Legitimate needs;
3.2.3 Legal Status of the Guidelines;
3.2.4 Importance of UNGCP;
3.2.5 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development;
3.2.6 Revised United Nations Guidelines on Consumer Protection, 2015;
3.3 United Nations Guiding Principles on Business & Human Rights, 2011;
3.4 The International Consumer Protection and Enforcement Network (ICPEN);
3.5 Food and Agriculture Organisation of United Nations (FAO);
3.6 Agreement on Technical Barrier to Trade (TBT);
3.7 Agreement on Application of Sanitary and Phyto sanitary Measures (SPM);
3.8 Codex Alimentarius (CA);
3.9 International Standard Organisation (ISO);
3.10 World Trade Organisation (WTO);
3.11 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT);
3.12 Consumers International (CI);
3.12.1 Core Consumer Rights;
3.12.2 Take Action Initiative;
3.12.3 The Junk Food Generation – A Survey;
3.12.4 Consumers in Digital Age- A Campaign;
3.12.5 UN Guidelines & Making it up to date - A Consumers International Initiative;
3.12.6 ICPEN and Consumers International - A Critical Analysis;
3.13 Conclusion;
Chapter IV - Comparative Study on regulating Advertisements in United States of America and United Kingdom;
4.1 Introduction;
4.2 An Overview of Consumer Protection in regulating misleading advertisements in USA;
4.3 Legal Regulation of Misleading Advertising in the USA;
4.3.1 Federal Level Regulation;
4.3.2 State Level Regulation;
4.3.3 Californian Regulation;
4.3.3.1 History of the Unfair Competition Law (UCL);
4.3.3.2 Judicial Expansion;
4.3.3.3 Jus Standi and Section 17200;
4.3.3.4 An Overview of the UCL;
4.3.3.5 Elements of a false advertising claim;
4.3.3.6 Judicial Tests;
4.3.3.7 Relationship between section 17200 and other Californian Consumer Protection Statutes;
4.3.3.8 Exemptions and defenses;
4.3.3.9 Remedies available under the UCL;
4.4 Federal Trade Commission (FTC);
4.4.1 Appointment;
4.4.2 Enforcement by FTC;
4.4.3 Adjudication;
4.4.3.1 Deceptive Advertising 4.4.3.2 Corrective advertising;
4.4.3.3 Nutritional advertising;
4.4.3.4 Environmental Advertising;
4.4.5 Rule Making;
4.4.6 The Advertisement Substantiation Program;
4.4.7 Counter-Advertising;
4.4.8 Appeal and Complaint Procedure;
4.4.9 Administrative Enforcement;
4.4.9.1 Adjudication;
4.4.9.2 Administrative Trials;
4.4.9.3 Enforcing Final Commission Orders;
4.4.9.4 Rule making;
4.4.9.5 Judicial Enforcement;
4.5 Judgments adjudicated by the Regulatory Bodies;
4.6 India-US Comparison;
4.7 Position in United Kingdom;
4.7.1 A Brief Overview of Consumer Protection in the United Kingdom;
4.7.2 Statutory Regulatory Regime;
4.7.2.1 Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations, 2008 (CPR)
4.7.2.2 Business Protection from Misleading Regulations, 2008 (BPR)
4.7.2.3 Enforcement Mechanism under the CPRS & BPRS;
4.7.2.3.1 Enforcing Authorities;
4.7.2.3.2 Tools for Enforcement;
4.7.2.3.3 The Advertising Self-Regulatory System;
4.7.2.3.4 The Advertising Codes;
4.7.2.3.5 The Non-Broadcast Code;
4.7.2.3.6 The Broadcast Code;
4.7.3 The Advertising Standards Authority (ASA);
4.7.3.1 Preventive Control Measures;
4.7.3.2 Complaint Redressal Mechanism 4.7.3.3 Sanctions to Ensure Compliance;
4.7.3.4 ASA Adjudications;
4.7.4 Judgements under the CPRs and BPRs;
4.7.5 United Kingdom-India – A Comparison 4.7.6 Conclusion;
CHAPTER V Analysis of provisions of Misleading Advertisements under Food Safety and Standard Act, 2006;
5.1 Introduction;
5.2 Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954 (Repealed);
5.3 Instances of Misleading Advertisements in Food;
5.4 Need for Food Safety Standard Act, 2006?;
5.5 Analysis of provisions on Misleading Advertisements under Food Safety and Standard Act, 2006;
5.6 Judicial view on misleading advertisements under FSS Act, 2006;
5.7 Case Studies;
5.7.1 Nestle Maggi Noodles;
5.7.2 Soft Drinks and Fast Foods;
5.8 FSS Act-A Success?;
5.9 Reforming Procedures under FSS Act;
5.10 Comparison of the FSS Act vis-a-vis Legislations in US & UK;
5.11 United States of America;
5.12 United Kingdom;
5.13 Conclusion;
Chapter VI Analysis of provisions on Misleading Advertisements under Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940, Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act, 1954;
6. Introduction;
6.1 Instances of Misleading Advertisements on Pharmaceuticals;
6.2 International Framework for Misleading Advertisements in Pharmaceutical Sector;
6.3 Misleading Advertisements on Pharmaceutics in US 6.4 Historical Background, Development and Need of Drugs and Cosmetics Act;
1940 and Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act, 1954;
6.4.1 Drugs and Cosmetics (Amendment) Act, 2008;
6.4.2 Recent Instances on Misleading Cosmetic Advertisements ;
6.4.3 ‘Truth about Lipsticks’ –Toxic metals in Beauty products;
6.4.4 Legislative Framework in India;
6.4.5 The Judicial Approach in India;
6.4.6 The Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act, 1954;
6.4.7 Critical analysis of the provisions of the Acts through case laws. 6.4.8 Criticisms and Recommendations for Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940;
and Drugs and Magic Remedies Act (Objectionable Advertisements), 1954.;
6.5 Conclusion;
Chapter VII Critical Analysis of Consumer Protection Act, 1986 and Consumer Protection
Bill, 2018 with reference to misleading advertisements in India;
7.1 Introduction 7.2 Consumer Protection in India 7.3 Analysis of provisions of Consumer Protection Act, 1986 with reference to Misleading Advertisements;
7.3.1 Definitions of Consumer, Misleading & Misleading Advertisements 7.3.2 Adjudicatory Mechanisms, Common Approachable Forums & Penalty Provisions.;
7.3.3 Amending the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 & insertion of newer provisions to counter misleading advertisements;
7.4 Challenges in Consumer Protection in India;
7.4.1 NLSIU Students v. Government of Karnataka, High Court of Karnataka;
7.4.2 Report of Indian Institute of Public Administration (IIPA);
7.4.3 Report of CUTS International;
7.5 Need for an amendment to Consumer Protection Act, 1986;
7.6 Consumer Protection Bill 2018: An Overview;
7.7 Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA): Analysis of provisions;
7.8 Recommendations for Consumer Protection Bill, 2018 to regulate misleading advertisements;
7.9 Conclusion;
Chapter VIII Empirical Study on Misleading Advertisements, Consumer Awareness on Legal
& Regulatory Mechanism in India with reference to Food, Drugs and Cosmetic;
8.1 Introduction;
8.2 Methodology;
8.4 Questionnaire Method;
8.5 Interview Method;
8.6 Observation Method;
8.7 Data Collection;
8.8 Data Analysis;
8.9 Testing & Validation of Hypotheses;
8.10 Conclusion;
Chapter IX Conclusion & Recommendations;
9.1 Overall Conclusion;
9.2 Recommendations.
Consumer
Misleading Advertisements--Drugs--Food