Contents:
1. Introduction to Labour–Management Relations 3–22
Learning Objectives 3
1.1 Concept of Labour–Management Relations 4
1.2 Industrial Relations: Definitions 4
1.2.1 Analysis of the Definitions 5
1.3 Characteristics of Industrial Relations 6
1.4 Objectives of Industrial Relations 6
1.5 Functions of Industrial Relations 7
1.6 Participants in Industrial Relations 7
1.7 Factors Determining Industrial Relations 9
1.8 Ten Golden Rules for Good Industrial Relations 9
1.9 How to Overcome the Shortcomings of Industrial Relations 10
1.10 Necessary Prerequisites for Harmonious Industrial Relations 10
1.11 Industrial Relations Theories 11
1.11.1 Dunlop’s System Theory of Industrial Relations 11
1.11.2 The Pluralist Theory of Flanders 13
1.11.3 Human Relations Approach to Industrial Relations 15
1.11.4 Gandhian Approach to Industrial Relations 16
1.11.5 Marxist Approach to Industrial Relations 17
Summary 19
Review Questions 20
Discussion Questions 20
References 20
CASE STUDIES 21
2. Trade Unions and Labour–Management Relations 23–48
Learning Objectives 23
2.1 Basic Facts of Trade Union 24
2.2 Trade Unions: Some Definitions 25
2.2.1 Analysis of the Definitions 25
2.3 Features of Trade Union 26
2.4 History of Trade Unions in India 26
2.4.1 Pre-independence Phase 26
2.4.2 Post-independence Phase 27
2.5 Trade Unions in India 28
2.5.1 Growth of Trade Unions in India 29
2.6 Theories of Trade Unionism 31
2.6.1 Karl Marx 31
2.6.2 Webbs 31
2.6.3 Hoxie 31
2.6.4 Tannenbaum 32
2.6.5 Perlman 32
2.6.6 Slitcher 33
2.6.7 Kerr, Dunlop, Harbison and Myers 33
2.6.8 Mahatma Gandhi 33
2.6.9 Clark Kerr 34
2.7 Governance of Trade Unions and Related Issues 34
2.7.1 Principles to Govern Trade Unions 34
2.8 Functions of Trade Unions 35
2.8.1 Further Divisions of Trade Union Functions 35
2.9 Classification of Trade Unions 37
2.10 Joining a Trade Union 38
2.10.1 Reasons for Joining a Union 38
2.10.2 How to Join 39
2.10.3 Trade Union Related Rights 39
2.10.4 Trade Union Activities 39
2.11 Union Security 40
2.12 Indian Trade Unions 40
2.12.1 Functions of Indian Trade Unions 40
2.12.2 Problems of Indian Trade Unions 41
Summary 42
Review Questions 42
Discussion Questions 43
CASE STUDIES 44
3. Registration and Recognition of Trade Union 49–76
Learning Objectives 49
3.1 Registration of Trade Union 51
3.1.1 Basic Requirements for Getting Membership 51
3.1.2 Documents to be Filed for Registration 51
3.1.3 Certificate of Registration 59
3.1.4 Is Registered Trade Union a Legal Person? 59
3.1.5 Characteristics of Registered Trade Unions 59
3.1.6 Acts Which do not Apply to any Registered Trade Union 60
3.1.7 Cancellation of Registration of a Trade Union 60
3.1.8 The Requirements for Continued Registration of a Trade Union 61
3.1.9 Objectives for Spending the Funds of a Trade Union 61
3.1.10 Rights and Privileges of Registered Trade Unions 61
3.2 Recognition of Trade Union 62
3.2.1 Registration vs. Recognition 62
3.2.2 Trade Union Recognition 62
3.2.3 Need for Recognition 63
3.2.4 Recognition of the Trade Unions in the Absence of a Central Law 63
3.2.5 Role of ILO in Recognition of Trade Unions 65
3.2.6 Voluntary Recognition and Statutory Recognition 65
3.2.7 Constitution and Recognition of Trade Unions 66
3.2.8 Conditions for Recognition 66
3.2.9 Re-recognition of Trade Unions 67
Summary 67
Review Questions 67
Discussion Questions 67
CASE STUDIES 69
ANNEXURE 72
4. Legislative Background for Indian Trade Unions 77–96
Learning Objectives 77
4.1 Significance of the Trade Unions Act, 1926 78
4.1.1 Statement of Objects and Reasons 79
4.1.2 Act 16 of 1926 79
4.2 The Trade Unions Act, 1926 80
4.3 The Central Trade Union Regulations, 1938 91
Summary 94
Review Questions 94
Discussion Questions 95
CASE STUDIES 96
PART TWO INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES
5. Industrial Conflict and Industrial Action 99–125
Learning Objectives 99
5.1 Industrial Conflict 100
5.1.1 Analysis of Definitions of Industrial Conflict 101
5.2 Different Perspectives on Conflict 101
5.2.1 Unitary Perspectives 101
5.2.2 Pluralist Theories 101
5.2.3 Radicalism 102
5.2.4 Transaction Cost Economics 103
5.2.5 The Theory of Labour Regulation 103
5.3 Various Manifestations of Industrial Conflicts 103
5.3.1 Manifestation of Conflict 104
5.4 Approaches to Conflict Resolution 104
5.5 Conflict Resolution Styles 106
5.6 Analysis of Industrial Disputes in India 107
5.7 Causes of Industrial Dispute 109
5.8 Consequences of Industrial Disputes 111
5.9 Modes of Pressure on Management during Industrial Disputes or
Industrial Actions 111
5.10 Work Stoppages 112
5.10.1 Strikes, Lockouts and Closures: A glance 113
5.10.2 Go-Slow: A brief look at some of the cases 116
5.10.3 Is a Strike Legal? 117
5.10.4 When is a Strike Illegal? 117
5.10.5 When is a Strike Justified or Unjustified? 117
5.10.6 Prohibition of Strike 118
5.10.7 Strike Notice 120
5.10.8 Cognizance of Offence 120
Summary 121
Review Questions 121
Discussion Questions 122
CASE STUDIES 123
6. Statutory Machineries Available for the Prevention and Settlement
of Industrial Disputes 126–142
Learning Objectives 126
6.1 Industrial Settlement Machinery 127
6.1.1 List of Industrial Settlement Machinery 128
6.2 Preventive Provisions for Industrial Disputes 129
6.2.1 Works Committee 129
6.3 Conciliatory Provisions for Industrial Disputes 132
6.3.1 Conciliation Officer (Section 4 of the Industrial Disputes
Act, 1947) 132
6.3.2 Board of Conciliation (Section 5 of the Industrial Disputes
Act, 1947) 133
6.4 Investigative Provisions for Industrial Disputes 135
6.4.1 Court of Inquiry (Section 6 of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947) 135
6.5 Adjudicatory Provisions for Industrial Disputes 136
6.5.1 Labour Court (Section 7 of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947) 136
6.5.2 Industrial Tribunals (Section 7A of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947) 136
6.5.3 National Industrial Tribunal (Section 7B of the Industrial Disputes
Act, 1947) 137
6.6 Arbitration for Industrial Disputes 138
6.6.1 Arbitrators and Voluntary Reference of Disputes to Arbitration
(Section 10A of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947) 138
6.6.2 Grievance Settlement Authority 139
Summary 139
Review Questions 139
Discussion Questions 140
CASE STUDIES 141
7. Industrial Disputes Resolution System under the Industrial Disputes
Act, 1947 143–194
Learning Objectives 143
Introduction 144
7.1 Statement of Objects and Reasons 145
7.2 List of Amending Acts and Adaptation Orders 146
7.3 The Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 147
7.4 Schedules 185
7.5 Amendment to Industrial Disputes Act (Press Release by Ministry of
Labour & Employment on December 09, 2005) 189
Summary 191
Review Questions 191
Discussion Questions 192
CASE STUDIES 193
PART THREE LABOUR WELFARE
8. Philosophy of Labour Welfare 197–210
Learning Objectives 197
8.1 Basic Principles of Welfare 198
8.2 Concept of Labour Welfare 199
8.2.1 Labour Welfare: Some Definitions 199
8.3 Aims and Objectives of Labour Welfare 200
8.4 Theoretical Perspective: Theories of Labour Welfare 200
8.5 Employer’s Motives and Consideration behind Welfare Measures 202
8.6 Types of Welfare Facilities within and Outside the Establishment 203
8.7 Principles for Successful Implementation of Welfare Programme 203
8.8 Financing Labour Welfare Programmes 204
8.9 Role of the Welfare Department 204
8.10 Necessity for Social and Industrial Welfare in India 205
Summary 207
Review Questions 208
Discussion Questions 208
CASE STUDIES 209
9. Statutory and Non-statutory Labour Welfare for Standard Work Life 211–236
Learning Objectives 211
9.1 Labour Measures as per the Constitution of India 212
9.2 Non-statutory or Voluntary Welfare Services 213
9.2.1 Welfare Work by Employers 213
9.2.2 Welfare Work by Worker’s Organizations 219
9.3 Statutory Welfare Measures 223
Summary 233
Review Questions 234
Discussion Questions 234
CASE STUDIES 235
10. Labour Welfare Funds and Workers’ Education Scheme for Harmony 237–258
Learning Objectives 237
10.1 Labour Welfare Funds 238
10.1.1 Sources of Labour Welfare Funds 239
10.1.2 Assistance Provided under Labour Welfare Fund Schemes 239
10.1.3 Five Different Labour Welfare Funds and Their Legislative Statutes 240
10.2 Workers’ Education Scheme 251
10.2.1 Objectives of the Central Board for Workers’ Education (CBWE) 252
10.2.2 Important Activities of CBWE during July 2008 253
10.2.3 Economic Implications of the Workers’ Education Scheme 254
10.2.4 Suggestions and Recommendations for Better Implementation of the
Workers’ Education Scheme 255
Summary 256
Review Questions 256
Discussion Questions 256
CASE STUDIES 257
11. Statutory Government Machineries and Legislations for Labour Welfare
in India 259–280
Learning Objectives 259
11.1 Statutory Government Machineries for Labour Welfare in India 260
11.1.1 Labour Welfare Officers 260
11.1.2 Commissioner 264
11.2 Statutory Legislations for Labour Welfare in India 266
11.2.1 The Factories Act, 1948 266
11.2.2 The Mines Act, 1952 and The Mines Rules, 1955 269
11.2.3 The Plantations Labour Act, 1951 272
11.2.4 The Motor Transport Workers Act, 1961 275
11.2.5 The Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970 276
Summary 277
Review Questions 278
Discussion Questions 278
CASE STUDIES 279
12. Collective Bargaining 281–291
Learning Objectives 281
12.1 Collective Bargaining 282
12.2 Model of Collective Bargaining 282
12.3 Costs of Agreeing and Disagreeing 283
12.4 Characteristics of Collective Bargaining 283
12.5 Participants in the Bargaining Process 284
12.6 Importance of Collective Bargaining 284
12.7 Principles of Collective Bargaining 284
12.8 Essential Conditions for the Success of Collective Bargaining 285
12.9 The Process of Collective Bargaining 286
12.10 Limited Success of Collective Bargaining in India 287
12.10.1 Causes 287
12.11 Recommendations of the National Commission of Labour for
Successful Functioning of Collective Bargaining 288
Summary 288
Review Questions 289
Discussion Questions 289
CASE STUDIES 290
PART FOUR SAFETY AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
13. Industrial Accident and Safety 295–318
Learning Objectives 295
13.1 Accident: An Occurrence 296
13.1.1 Incident vs Accident 296
13.1.2 Meaning and Definition of Accident 297
13.2 What is Industrial Accident? 297
13.2.1 Types of Industrial Accidents 297
13.3 Is Safety Necessary? 297
13.3.1 Safety: Some Definitions 297
13.4 What is Industrial Safety? 297
13.4.1 Significance of Industrial Safety 298
13.4.2 Theoretical Perspectives to Industrial Safety 298
13.5 Cost and Consequences of Industrial Accident 299
13.5.1 Major Implications of Cost of Accidents on Profitability of
the Organization 300
13.5.2 The Iceberg Effect 300
13.6 Causes of Industrial Accidents: A Complex Phenomenon 302
13.6.1 External and Internal Causes 302
13.6.2 Causes of Industrial Accidents Noted by the National Commission
on Labour 303
13.6.3 Sources of Injuries 303
13.6.4 Types of Work Injuries 303
13.6.5 Statistical Measures for Injuries 303
13.7 Prevention of Accidents 304
13.7.1 Benefits of Accident Prevention Efforts 305
13.8 Industrial Safety: Whose Responsibility? 306
13.8.1 Employer Responsibility: Safe Workplace 306
13.8.2 Manager Responsibility: Industrial Safety 307.